Study Guide - Chapters 12 & 13 Flashcards
Ch. 8 -13 (26 cards)
What anatomical features help to protect the CNS?
The CNS is protected by the skull, vertebrae, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
The meninges consist of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
List the layers of meninges from distal to proximal.
The layers of meninges from distal to proximal are:
* Pia mater
* Arachnoid mater
* Dura mater
The epidural space is located between the outer layer of the dura mater and the inner surface of the vertebral canal.
Where is CSF made?
CSF is made in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain.
Functions of CSF include cushioning the brain, maintaining intracranial pressure, and providing nutrients.
What are the important anatomical and physiological features of the blood-brain barrier?
The blood-brain barrier consists of tightly packed endothelial cells, astrocyte end-feet, and a basement membrane.
It regulates the passage of substances between the bloodstream and the CNS.
Dorsal pathways in the spinal cord carry ____; ventral pathways carry ____.
Dorsal pathways carry sensory information; ventral pathways carry motor information.
List the major lobes, regions, and areas of the brain.
The major lobes of the brain include:
* Frontal lobe
* Parietal lobe
* Occipital lobe
* Temporal lobe
Each lobe has primary roles in motor control, sensory processing, vision, and auditory perception.
Describe the primary functions of the lobes of the cerebrum.
The primary functions are:
* Frontal: decision making, problem-solving
* Parietal: sensory perception
* Occipital: vision
* Temporal: hearing and memory.
What are the components of major brain regions covered?
Major brain regions include:
* Diencephalon
* Brain stem
* Cerebellum
* Limbic system.
What are the major functions of the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
What are the major functions of the midbrain?
The midbrain is involved in vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake cycles, and arousal.
What are the major functions of the pons?
The pons regulates breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance.
What are the major functions of the medulla oblongata?
The medulla oblongata controls autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
What is the limbic system?
The limbic system is a complex set of structures that includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus.
It is involved in emotions, memory, and motivation.
Define sensation.
Sensation is the process of detecting physical energy from the environment and converting it into neural signals.
Define perception.
Perception is the process of organizing, interpreting, and consciously experiencing sensory information.
What is adaptation in sensory processing?
Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time.
What are the levels of sensory integration?
The levels of sensory integration are:
* Receptor level
* Circuit level
* Perceptual level.
What is a receptor potential?
A receptor potential is a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor in response to a stimulus.
Describe the classes of general sensory receptors.
Classes of general sensory receptors include:
* Mechanoreceptors
* Thermoreceptors
* Photoreceptors
* Chemoreceptors
* Nociceptors.
What are tonic receptors?
Tonic receptors are sensory receptors that maintain their response to a stimulus over time.
What are phasic receptors?
Phasic receptors are sensory receptors that respond to changes in stimulus intensity and cease firing when the stimulus is constant.
Describe the phases of pain.
The phases of pain include:
* Acute pain
* Chronic pain
* Referred pain.
What is the anatomy of nerves?
Nerves consist of bundles of axons, connective tissue layers (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium), and blood vessels.
List major nerves supplied by each plexus.
Major nerves include:
* Cervical plexus: phrenic nerve
* Brachial plexus: radial nerve
* Lumbar plexus: femoral nerve
* Sacral plexus: sciatic nerve.
