Study Guide - Chapter 5 & 6 Flashcards
(33 cards)
What are the major functions of the integument?
- Protection
- Sensation
- Thermoregulation
- Metabolic functions
- Excretion
- Immunological defense
- Blood reservoir
- Absorption
The integument primarily serves as a protective barrier against environmental hazards and aids in various physiological processes.
How does the integument function as a chemical, biological, & physical barrier?
- Chemical barrier: secretes antimicrobial substances
- Biological barrier: houses immune cells
- Physical barrier: provides structural integrity
The integument’s multi-layered structure aids in protecting underlying tissues from pathogens, chemicals, and physical trauma.
What is the structure, function, tissue type(s), and location of the epidermis?
Structure: outermost layer of skin
Function: provides protection
Tissue types: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Location: outer layer of the skin
The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes, which produce keratin, enhancing its protective capabilities.
List the strata of the epidermis in order.
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale
Each stratum plays a crucial role in the overall function and health of the skin.
What are the characteristics and important events occurring at each level of the epidermis?
- Stratum corneum: dead keratinized cells
- Stratum lucidum: clear layer found in thick skin
- Stratum granulosum: keratinocyte apoptosis, keratohyalin granules
- Stratum spinosum: cell connections, immune response
- Stratum basale: active mitosis
Each layer contributes to skin renewal and barrier functions.
What is the difference between thick and thin skin, and where is each found?
Thick skin: has all five strata, found on palms and soles
Thin skin: lacks stratum lucidum, found on most of the body
The thickness of the skin correlates with its functional requirements in different body areas.
Why is keratin important?
Keratin provides structural strength and waterproofing to the skin
It is essential for the protective barrier function of the epidermis.
Describe the structure, function, and location of the dermis.
Structure: thick layer beneath the epidermis
Function: supports and nourishes epidermis
Location: between epidermis and hypodermis
The dermis contains connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerve endings.
What tissue types dominate each of the two layers of the dermis?
- Papillary layer: areolar connective tissue
- Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue
These tissue types provide elasticity and strength to the skin.
What are significant features of each of the layers of the dermis?
- Papillary layer: contains dermal papillae, enhances grip
- Reticular layer: houses larger blood vessels, glands, and hair follicles
These features contribute to the overall functionality and sensory capabilities of the skin.
What are the roles of sweat glands?
- Merocrine: thermoregulation and excretion
- Apocrine: scent production, activated during stress
Sweat glands play a vital role in maintaining body temperature and providing a means of communication through scent.
What are the roles of sebaceous glands?
Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, which lubricates and waterproofs the skin and hair
Sebum also has antimicrobial properties that help protect the skin.
What is the role of the arrector pili muscle?
The arrector pili muscle causes hair to stand upright (goosebumps) in response to cold or fear
This reaction aids in thermoregulation and can make an animal appear larger to predators.
What is the role of the hair follicle?
The hair follicle anchors hair and provides nourishment through the dermal papilla
It is essential for hair growth and regeneration.
Describe the function, tissue type(s), and location of the hypodermis.
Function: insulates and cushions the body
Tissue types: loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
Location: beneath the dermis
The hypodermis connects the skin to underlying tissues and organs.
What factors affect skin color?
- Melanin concentration
- Blood flow
- Thickness of the stratum corneum
These factors contribute to the variation in skin tone among individuals.
Describe the structure of the hair root.
The hair root contains the hair bulb, matrix, and dermal papilla
The structure is critical for hair growth and health.
What are the differences between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns?
1st degree: affects only the epidermis, redness
2nd degree: affects epidermis and part of dermis, blisters
3rd degree: affects all layers, may require grafting
The severity of burns is classified based on the depth of tissue damage.
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
The skeletal system functions to:
* Support the body
* Protect vital organs
* Facilitate movement
* Store minerals
* Produce blood cells
Functions include structural support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis.
Describe the structure of osseous tissue.
Osseous tissue consists of:
* Cell types: osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
* Matrix components: collagen fibers, hydroxyapatite
Osteocytes maintain bone tissue, osteoblasts build new bone, and osteoclasts break down old bone.
Which of the 4 main tissue types is osseous tissue?
Osseous tissue is classified as connective tissue.
Connective tissues support and bind other tissues.
Give examples of long bones, short bones, irregular bones, and flat bones.
Examples include:
* Long bones: femur, humerus
* Short bones: carpals, tarsals
* Irregular bones: vertebrae, pelvis
* Flat bones: skull, sternum
Classification is based on shape and structure.
Identify all parts of a long bone.
Parts of a long bone include:
* Diaphysis
* Epiphysis
* Periosteum
* Endosteum
* Medullary cavity
Each part has distinct functions related to structure and support.
