Flashcards in Final Old Stuff Deck (54)
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Carolus Linnaeus
taxonomic naming system for naming plants & animals; bionomial nomenclature; Genus species (italics & capitalization of Genus)
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Father of Microbiology
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (dutch)
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Proposes that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter. Proposed by Aristotle & accepted widely for nearly 2000 years
spontaneous generation aka abiogenesis
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Challengers of spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi, Lazarro Spellanzani, Louis Pasteur
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Supporter(s) of spontaneous generation?
John Needham
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Name some accomplishments of Louis Pasteur.
He put the idea of spontaneous generation to rest; pasteurization-use of heat to kill contaminating organisms to reduce the spoilage of food & beverages; Germ Theory of Disease; "Modern Father of Microbiology"
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He came up w/the field of etiology, or the causation of disease. He discovered the cause of tuberculosis, beat Pasteur to discover the cause of anthrax, and used Petri dishes.
Robert Koch
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What are Koch's Postulates?
Steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease:
1. suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
2. agent must be isolated & grown outside the host
3. when agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
4. same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host
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Semmelweis.
Handwashing
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Antiseptic technique.
Joseph Lister
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Cleanliness in nursing practice.
Florence Nightingale
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Infection control/field of epidemiology.
John Snow
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Field of immunology/smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner
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"magic bullets" that could kill microorganisms but remain nontoxic to humans (selective toxicity); field of chemotherapy
Paul Ehrlich
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What are the 4 processes of Life?
1. growth
2. reproduction
3. responsiveness
4. metabolism
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Give an overview of Prokaryotes. Nucleus? DNA? composed of?
Prokaryotes: lack a nucleus, lack internal membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA, composed of bacteria & archea
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Overview of Eukaryotes. Nucleus? DNA? composed of?
Eukaryotes: have a nucleus, have internal membrane-bound organelles, linear DNA, are larger, composed of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, plants
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In bacterial cells, in order to cross the cytoplasmic membrane, what are the passive processes? what are the active processes?
passive: no ATP required-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis (only H2O)
-active: requires ATP-active transport, group translocation where the substance is chemically altered during transport
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In osmosis, which way does the concentration gradient flow?
from Low to High
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Considering isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, which 2 does having a cell wall NOT matter?
isotonic & hypertonic
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Which solution has the exact same concentration on both sides of the gradient, so there's no net diffusion of H2O?
isotonic solution
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In this type of solution, the water goes OUT of the cell, the cell becomes dehydrated & shrinks (crenates).
hypertonic solution (too much water inside, so it has to go out)
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In this type of solution, the cell is more concentrated than the solution, so H2O moves INTO the cell & causes cellular swelling
hypotonic (not enough water inside, so it comes in)
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In which type of solution does a cell wall matter?
a hypotonic solution-cell walls, like in bacteria, will stop the cells from rupturing after too much swelling. NOT the case in humans.
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In the mechanisms of active transport, what can a uniport be considered? what about an antiport?
a uniport is like a one-way street; an antiport is traffic flowing in 2 directions in the same channel
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What are the 2 basic types of bacterial cell walls?
Gram + and Gram -
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The Gram + bacterial cell wall has a _ layer of peptidoglycan and appears _ following the gram staining procedure?
thick; purple (purple positive)
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The Gram - bacterial cell wall has a _ layer of peptidoglycan, has a bilayer membrane outside of the peptidoglycan containing lipopolysaccaride A (lipid A), and appears _ following the gram staining procedure?
thin; redish
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What is the most dormant & enduring cell in the body, and remains dormant until it is needed as a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions?
endospores
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