Final Old Stuff Flashcards
(54 cards)
Father of Microbiology
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (dutch)
Carolus Linnaeus
taxonomic naming system for naming plants & animals; bionomial nomenclature; Genus species (italics & capitalization of Genus)
Proposes that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter. Proposed by Aristotle & accepted widely for nearly 2000 years
spontaneous generation aka abiogenesis
Challengers of spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi, Lazarro Spellanzani, Louis Pasteur
Supporter(s) of spontaneous generation?
John Needham
Name some accomplishments of Louis Pasteur.
He put the idea of spontaneous generation to rest; pasteurization-use of heat to kill contaminating organisms to reduce the spoilage of food & beverages; Germ Theory of Disease; “Modern Father of Microbiology”
He came up w/the field of etiology, or the causation of disease. He discovered the cause of tuberculosis, beat Pasteur to discover the cause of anthrax, and used Petri dishes.
Robert Koch
What are Koch’s Postulates?
Steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease:
- suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
- agent must be isolated & grown outside the host
- when agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
- same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host
Semmelweis.
Handwashing
Antiseptic technique.
Joseph Lister
Cleanliness in nursing practice.
Florence Nightingale
Infection control/field of epidemiology.
John Snow
Field of immunology/smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner
“magic bullets” that could kill microorganisms but remain nontoxic to humans (selective toxicity); field of chemotherapy
Paul Ehrlich
What are the 4 processes of Life?
- growth
- reproduction
- responsiveness
- metabolism
Give an overview of Prokaryotes. Nucleus? DNA? composed of?
Prokaryotes: lack a nucleus, lack internal membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA, composed of bacteria & archea
Overview of Eukaryotes. Nucleus? DNA? composed of?
Eukaryotes: have a nucleus, have internal membrane-bound organelles, linear DNA, are larger, composed of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, plants
In bacterial cells, in order to cross the cytoplasmic membrane, what are the passive processes? what are the active processes?
passive: no ATP required-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis (only H2O)
- active: requires ATP-active transport, group translocation where the substance is chemically altered during transport
In osmosis, which way does the concentration gradient flow?
from Low to High
Considering isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, which 2 does having a cell wall NOT matter?
isotonic & hypertonic
Which solution has the exact same concentration on both sides of the gradient, so there’s no net diffusion of H2O?
isotonic solution
In this type of solution, the water goes OUT of the cell, the cell becomes dehydrated & shrinks (crenates).
hypertonic solution (too much water inside, so it has to go out)
In this type of solution, the cell is more concentrated than the solution, so H2O moves INTO the cell & causes cellular swelling
hypotonic (not enough water inside, so it comes in)
In which type of solution does a cell wall matter?
a hypotonic solution-cell walls, like in bacteria, will stop the cells from rupturing after too much swelling. NOT the case in humans.