Final Old Stuff

Question 0

Father of Microbiology

Answer 0

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (dutch)

Question 1

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 1

taxonomic naming system for naming plants & animals; bionomial nomenclature; Genus species (italics & capitalization of Genus)

Question 2

Proposes that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter. Proposed by Aristotle & accepted widely for nearly 2000 years

Answer 2

spontaneous generation aka abiogenesis

Question 3

Challengers of spontaneous generation?

Answer 3

Francesco Redi, Lazarro Spellanzani, Louis Pasteur

Question 4

Supporter(s) of spontaneous generation?

Answer 4

John Needham

Question 5

Name some accomplishments of Louis Pasteur.

Answer 5

He put the idea of spontaneous generation to rest; pasteurization-use of heat to kill contaminating organisms to reduce the spoilage of food & beverages; Germ Theory of Disease; “Modern Father of Microbiology”

Question 6

He came up w/the field of etiology, or the causation of disease. He discovered the cause of tuberculosis, beat Pasteur to discover the cause of anthrax, and used Petri dishes.

Answer 6

Robert Koch

Question 7

What are Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 7

Steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease:

1. suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
2. agent must be isolated & grown outside the host
3. when agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
4. same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host

Question 8

Semmelweis.

Answer 8

Handwashing

Question 9

Antiseptic technique.

Answer 9

Joseph Lister

Question 10

Cleanliness in nursing practice.

Answer 10

Florence Nightingale

Question 11

Infection control/field of epidemiology.

Answer 11

John Snow

Question 12

Field of immunology/smallpox vaccine

Answer 12

Edward Jenner

Question 13

“magic bullets” that could kill microorganisms but remain nontoxic to humans (selective toxicity); field of chemotherapy

Answer 13

Paul Ehrlich

Question 14

What are the 4 processes of Life?

Answer 14

1. growth
2. reproduction
3. responsiveness
4. metabolism

Question 15

Give an overview of Prokaryotes. Nucleus? DNA? composed of?

Answer 15

Prokaryotes: lack a nucleus, lack internal membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA, composed of bacteria & archea

Question 16

Overview of Eukaryotes. Nucleus? DNA? composed of?

Answer 16

Eukaryotes: have a nucleus, have internal membrane-bound organelles, linear DNA, are larger, composed of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, plants

Question 17

In bacterial cells, in order to cross the cytoplasmic membrane, what are the passive processes? what are the active processes?

Answer 17

passive: no ATP required-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis (only H2O)
- active: requires ATP-active transport, group translocation where the substance is chemically altered during transport

Question 18

In osmosis, which way does the concentration gradient flow?

Answer 18

from Low to High

Question 19

Considering isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, which 2 does having a cell wall NOT matter?

Answer 19

isotonic & hypertonic

Question 20

Which solution has the exact same concentration on both sides of the gradient, so there’s no net diffusion of H2O?

Answer 20

isotonic solution

Question 21

In this type of solution, the water goes OUT of the cell, the cell becomes dehydrated & shrinks (crenates).

Answer 21

hypertonic solution (too much water inside, so it has to go out)

Question 22

In this type of solution, the cell is more concentrated than the solution, so H2O moves INTO the cell & causes cellular swelling

Answer 22

hypotonic (not enough water inside, so it comes in)

Question 23

In which type of solution does a cell wall matter?

Answer 23

a hypotonic solution-cell walls, like in bacteria, will stop the cells from rupturing after too much swelling. NOT the case in humans.

Question 24

In the mechanisms of active transport, what can a uniport be considered? what about an antiport?

Answer 24

a uniport is like a one-way street; an antiport is traffic flowing in 2 directions in the same channel

Question 25

What are the 2 basic types of bacterial cell walls?

Answer 25

Gram + and Gram -

Question 26

The Gram + bacterial cell wall has a _ layer of peptidoglycan and appears _ following the gram staining procedure?

Answer 26

thick; purple (purple positive)

Question 27

The Gram - bacterial cell wall has a _ layer of peptidoglycan, has a bilayer membrane outside of the peptidoglycan containing lipopolysaccaride A (lipid A), and appears _ following the gram staining procedure?

Answer 27

thin; redish

Question 28

What is the most dormant & enduring cell in the body, and remains dormant until it is needed as a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions?

Answer 28

endospores

Question 29

What is the shortest distance between 2 points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer as separate entities?

Answer 29

resolution

Question 30

What is the differences in intensity between 2 objects, or between an object & the background? Staining increases this, and it's important in determining resolution.

Answer 30

contrast

Question 31

What are the steps of the gram staining procedure?

Answer 31

1. slide is flooded w/crystal violet for 1 min, then rinsed w/water. result is all cells stained purple 2. slide is flooded w/iodine for 1 min, then rinsed w/water. result is that iodine acts as a mordant; all cells remain purple. 3. slide is flooded w/solution of ethanol & acetone for 10-30 secs, then rinsed w/water. result is that the smear is decolorized. gram + remain purple, gram - cells now are colorless 4. slide is flooded w/safranin for 1 min, then rinsed w/water & blotted dry. result is gram + cells remain purple, gram - cells are redish (pink)

Question 32

Why are mycobacteria significant?

Answer 32

mycobacteria have a waxy mycolic acid content, so the gram stain cannot be used; referred to as an acid-fast bacteria

Question 33

What is the result of an acid-fast stain?

Answer 33

RED acid-fast cells (mycobacteria), blue non acid-fast cels

Question 34

What is the result of an endospore stain?

Answer 34

green-stained endospores, red-colored vegetative cells

Question 35

Name the bacteria we talked about in class that has NO cell wall.

Answer 35

mycoplasma

Question 36

Name the organism that grows by getting carbon dioxide from itself and has light as an energy source.

Answer 36

photoautotroph

Question 37

Name the organism that grows by getting carbon dioxide from itself and has chemical compounds for an energy source.

Answer 37

chemoautotrophs

Question 38

Name the organism that gets its energy from light but its carbon source from exogenous organic compounds.

Answer 38

photoheterotroph

Question 39

Name the organism that gets its energy from chemical compounds but its carbon source from exogenous organic compounds.

Answer 39

chemoheterotroph

Question 40

As a rule, what is the most important factor affecting the growth of microorganisms?

Answer 40

temperature

Question 41

This organism prefers cold temps & take part in spoilage of refrigerated foods.

Answer 41

psychrophilic (psycho for liking cold)

Question 42

These organisms prefer moderate temps, and most pathogens fit in this category because they live in normal body temp range.

Answer 42

mesophilic

Question 43

These organisms prefer extremely high temps, around 45-55 Celsius/113-131 Fahrenheit.

Answer 43

hyper thermophilic

Question 44

Name the nucleic acids that pair w/each other in DNA.

Answer 44

cytosine & guanine | adenine & thymine

Question 45

Name the nucleic acids that pair w/each other in RNA.

Answer 45

cytosine & guanine | adenine & uracil

Question 46

In the structure of prokaryotic genomes, name the 4 types of plasmids.

Answer 46

1. Fertility factors (F plasmids) 2. Resistance factors (R plasmids) 3. Bacteriocin factors 4. Virulence plasmids

Question 47

This type of plasmid carries conjugation instructions.

Answer 47

Fertility factors (F plasmid)

Question 48

This type of plasmid carries genes for resistance to antimicrobials.

Answer 48

resistance factors (R plasmid)

Question 49

This type of plasmid carry genes for toxins that can kill their competitors.

Answer 49

bacteriocin factors

Question 50

This type of plasmid carries instructions that enable bacteria to become pathogenic.

Answer 50

Virulence plasmids

Question 51

This type of gene transfer among prokaryotes is when one acquires genes from other microbes of the same generations (passing old notes to the same tri instead of up or down a tri).

Answer 51

horizontal gene transfer

Question 52

Name & describe the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer.

Answer 52

1. transformation-recipient cell takes up DNA from environment; cells that take up DNA are called competent; occurs in only a few type of bacteria; can include DNA from dead organisms 2. transduction-transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus, either generalized or specialized 3. conjugation-transfer of DNA from one cell to another mediated by conjugation pili; the donor cell requires an F plasmid (male), and the recipient lacks an F plasmid (female)

Question 53

What is a virus that attacks bacteria called?

Answer 53

bacteriophage