Final Old Stuff Flashcards

(54 cards)

0
Q

Father of Microbiology

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (dutch)

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1
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

taxonomic naming system for naming plants & animals; bionomial nomenclature; Genus species (italics & capitalization of Genus)

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2
Q

Proposes that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter. Proposed by Aristotle & accepted widely for nearly 2000 years

A

spontaneous generation aka abiogenesis

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3
Q

Challengers of spontaneous generation?

A

Francesco Redi, Lazarro Spellanzani, Louis Pasteur

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4
Q

Supporter(s) of spontaneous generation?

A

John Needham

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5
Q

Name some accomplishments of Louis Pasteur.

A

He put the idea of spontaneous generation to rest; pasteurization-use of heat to kill contaminating organisms to reduce the spoilage of food & beverages; Germ Theory of Disease; “Modern Father of Microbiology”

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6
Q

He came up w/the field of etiology, or the causation of disease. He discovered the cause of tuberculosis, beat Pasteur to discover the cause of anthrax, and used Petri dishes.

A

Robert Koch

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7
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?

A

Steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease:

  1. suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
  2. agent must be isolated & grown outside the host
  3. when agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
  4. same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host
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8
Q

Semmelweis.

A

Handwashing

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9
Q

Antiseptic technique.

A

Joseph Lister

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10
Q

Cleanliness in nursing practice.

A

Florence Nightingale

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11
Q

Infection control/field of epidemiology.

A

John Snow

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12
Q

Field of immunology/smallpox vaccine

A

Edward Jenner

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13
Q

“magic bullets” that could kill microorganisms but remain nontoxic to humans (selective toxicity); field of chemotherapy

A

Paul Ehrlich

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14
Q

What are the 4 processes of Life?

A
  1. growth
  2. reproduction
  3. responsiveness
  4. metabolism
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15
Q

Give an overview of Prokaryotes. Nucleus? DNA? composed of?

A

Prokaryotes: lack a nucleus, lack internal membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA, composed of bacteria & archea

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16
Q

Overview of Eukaryotes. Nucleus? DNA? composed of?

A

Eukaryotes: have a nucleus, have internal membrane-bound organelles, linear DNA, are larger, composed of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, plants

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17
Q

In bacterial cells, in order to cross the cytoplasmic membrane, what are the passive processes? what are the active processes?

A

passive: no ATP required-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis (only H2O)
- active: requires ATP-active transport, group translocation where the substance is chemically altered during transport

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18
Q

In osmosis, which way does the concentration gradient flow?

A

from Low to High

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19
Q

Considering isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, which 2 does having a cell wall NOT matter?

A

isotonic & hypertonic

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20
Q

Which solution has the exact same concentration on both sides of the gradient, so there’s no net diffusion of H2O?

A

isotonic solution

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21
Q

In this type of solution, the water goes OUT of the cell, the cell becomes dehydrated & shrinks (crenates).

A

hypertonic solution (too much water inside, so it has to go out)

22
Q

In this type of solution, the cell is more concentrated than the solution, so H2O moves INTO the cell & causes cellular swelling

A

hypotonic (not enough water inside, so it comes in)

23
Q

In which type of solution does a cell wall matter?

A

a hypotonic solution-cell walls, like in bacteria, will stop the cells from rupturing after too much swelling. NOT the case in humans.

24
In the mechanisms of active transport, what can a uniport be considered? what about an antiport?
a uniport is like a one-way street; an antiport is traffic flowing in 2 directions in the same channel
25
What are the 2 basic types of bacterial cell walls?
Gram + and Gram -
26
The Gram + bacterial cell wall has a _ layer of peptidoglycan and appears _ following the gram staining procedure?
thick; purple (purple positive)
27
The Gram - bacterial cell wall has a _ layer of peptidoglycan, has a bilayer membrane outside of the peptidoglycan containing lipopolysaccaride A (lipid A), and appears _ following the gram staining procedure?
thin; redish
28
What is the most dormant & enduring cell in the body, and remains dormant until it is needed as a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions?
endospores
29
What is the shortest distance between 2 points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer as separate entities?
resolution
30
What is the differences in intensity between 2 objects, or between an object & the background? Staining increases this, and it's important in determining resolution.
contrast
31
What are the steps of the gram staining procedure?
1. slide is flooded w/crystal violet for 1 min, then rinsed w/water. result is all cells stained purple 2. slide is flooded w/iodine for 1 min, then rinsed w/water. result is that iodine acts as a mordant; all cells remain purple. 3. slide is flooded w/solution of ethanol & acetone for 10-30 secs, then rinsed w/water. result is that the smear is decolorized. gram + remain purple, gram - cells now are colorless 4. slide is flooded w/safranin for 1 min, then rinsed w/water & blotted dry. result is gram + cells remain purple, gram - cells are redish (pink)
32
Why are mycobacteria significant?
mycobacteria have a waxy mycolic acid content, so the gram stain cannot be used; referred to as an acid-fast bacteria
33
What is the result of an acid-fast stain?
RED acid-fast cells (mycobacteria), blue non acid-fast cels
34
What is the result of an endospore stain?
green-stained endospores, red-colored vegetative cells
35
Name the bacteria we talked about in class that has NO cell wall.
mycoplasma
36
Name the organism that grows by getting carbon dioxide from itself and has light as an energy source.
photoautotroph
37
Name the organism that grows by getting carbon dioxide from itself and has chemical compounds for an energy source.
chemoautotrophs
38
Name the organism that gets its energy from light but its carbon source from exogenous organic compounds.
photoheterotroph
39
Name the organism that gets its energy from chemical compounds but its carbon source from exogenous organic compounds.
chemoheterotroph
40
As a rule, what is the most important factor affecting the growth of microorganisms?
temperature
41
This organism prefers cold temps & take part in spoilage of refrigerated foods.
psychrophilic (psycho for liking cold)
42
These organisms prefer moderate temps, and most pathogens fit in this category because they live in normal body temp range.
mesophilic
43
These organisms prefer extremely high temps, around 45-55 Celsius/113-131 Fahrenheit.
hyper thermophilic
44
Name the nucleic acids that pair w/each other in DNA.
cytosine & guanine | adenine & thymine
45
Name the nucleic acids that pair w/each other in RNA.
cytosine & guanine | adenine & uracil
46
In the structure of prokaryotic genomes, name the 4 types of plasmids.
1. Fertility factors (F plasmids) 2. Resistance factors (R plasmids) 3. Bacteriocin factors 4. Virulence plasmids
47
This type of plasmid carries conjugation instructions.
Fertility factors (F plasmid)
48
This type of plasmid carries genes for resistance to antimicrobials.
resistance factors (R plasmid)
49
This type of plasmid carry genes for toxins that can kill their competitors.
bacteriocin factors
50
This type of plasmid carries instructions that enable bacteria to become pathogenic.
Virulence plasmids
51
This type of gene transfer among prokaryotes is when one acquires genes from other microbes of the same generations (passing old notes to the same tri instead of up or down a tri).
horizontal gene transfer
52
Name & describe the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer.
1. transformation-recipient cell takes up DNA from environment; cells that take up DNA are called competent; occurs in only a few type of bacteria; can include DNA from dead organisms 2. transduction-transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus, either generalized or specialized 3. conjugation-transfer of DNA from one cell to another mediated by conjugation pili; the donor cell requires an F plasmid (male), and the recipient lacks an F plasmid (female)
53
What is a virus that attacks bacteria called?
bacteriophage