FInal part II Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Based on the acquisition and review of information from patients or animals exposed to ultrasound
exposure and response
no need to understand mechanism (+ and -)
biological significance is obvious (+)
species differences may alter results (-)
Strongest conclusion are made when the mechanistic and empirical conclusion are in agreement
A
- Empirical approach
2
Q
- Contrast, shrinking and swelling
A
Resonance, nonlinear behavior
3
Q
- Primary investigative technique of epidemiology
A
Reviewing data from patients
4
Q
- Intensity most related to tissue heating
A
SPTA
5
Q
- Bioeffect studies on non-living things
A
Mechanistic Approach
6
Q
What type of trans causes less amount of temperature increase
A
Grey scale image Q.# 13, pg 421
7
Q
- Possibility of patient technologist shock
A
Mechanical Transducer
8
Q
- When is it safe to perform in Ultrasound
A
When the benefits outweight the risk
9
Q
- Electronic component used for gray scale imaging
A
Scan converter pg.241
10
Q
Preprocessing: TGC, log compression, write magnification, persistence spatial compounding, edge enhancement, and fill-in enhancement
A
- Know all of the preprocessing and post processing functions
11
Q
- What function steers the scan lines in different directions
A
Spatial compounding pg.254
12
Q
Virtually instant
no degradation of data, and the ability to electronically transmit images
report to remote sites (“store and forward”)
A
- Advantages of PACs systems
13
Q
- Advantages of PACs systems
A
Virtually instant
no degradation of data, and the ability to electronically transmit images
report to remote sites (“store and forward”)
14
Q
Safe metaboliccaly inert long lasting strong reflector of ultrasound small enough to pass through capillaries
A
- Know the requirements for contrast agents
15
Q
- Signal from the transducer to the receiver
A
.?
16
Q
- Know the requirements for contrast agents
A
Safe metaboliccaly inert long lasting strong reflector of ultrasound small enough to pass through capillaries
17
Q
harmonics vs fundamental frequencies
A
Harmonics is double the fundamental frequency
Harmonics has nonlinear behavior
18
Q
- Accelerations and deceleration of velocities from cardiac contraction
A
Pulsitile Flow
19
Q
Acceleration and deceleration of velocities from respiration
A
Phasic Flow
20
Q
change in flow direction increased velocity as vessels narrows turbulence downstream from the stenosis pressure gradient across the stenosis loss of pulsitility
A
- Know the effects of a stenosis
21
Q
Supine:
Hydrostatic- 0 mmHg
Blood pressure is same (140 mmHg)
Standing: Hydrostatic -ankle - 100 mmHg - knee - 75 mmHg -waist - 50 mmHg -heart/arm - 0 mmHg - Forehead - -30 mmHg - Tip of finger - -130 mmHg Blood pressure is arterial of heart + hydrostatic
A
- Know hydrostatic pressure at all locations
22
Q
- Flow pattern with normal physiological states
A
Laminar Flow
23
Q
- Reynolds number for turbulent flow?
A
Greater than 2,000
24
Q
- Know the effects of a stenosis
A
change in flow direction increased velocity as vessels narrows turbulence downstream from the stenosis pressure gradient across the stenosis loss of pulsitility
25
21. Know hydrostatic pressure at all locations
Supine:
Hydrostatic- 0 mmHg
Blood pressure is same (140 mmHg)
```
Standing:
Hydrostatic
-ankle - 100 mmHg
- knee - 75 mmHg
-waist - 50 mmHg
-heart/arm - 0 mmHg
- Forehead - -30 mmHg
- Tip of finger - -130 mmHg
Blood pressure is arterial of heart + hydrostatic
```
26
22. What is it referred to when the vessel collapses venous
coaptation
27
```
Baseline
lower frequency
Shallower volume depth
Adjust scale
CW
```
27. Five ways to eliminate aliasing
28
23. Venous flow in the leg decreases what is the patient doing?
Inspiration
29
24. Doppler shift when source and receiver are moving apart?
Negative
30
25. What is the typical range of Doppler shift
20 Hz- 20KHz
| Audible
31
26. Phenomena of high velocities appear negative
Aliasing
32
able to select the exact location where velocities are measured
32. Primary advantages of pulsed wave
33
27. Five ways to eliminate aliasing
```
Baseline shift
lower frequency transducer
Shallower sample volume depth
Adjust scale
CW
```
34
34. Know what limitation is for color Doppler imaging
No measurement of velocity or direction.
Lower frame rate.
Susceptible to motion of transducer, patient, or soft tissue- flash artifact.
35
No measurement of velocity or direction.
Lower frame rate.
Susceptible to motion of transducer, patient, or soft tissue- flash artifact.
34. Know what limitation is for color Doppler imaging
36
28. Horizontal axis of a Doppler spectrum
time
37
29. Doppler shift is inversely related to?
Propagation speed
38
30. Basic Doppler system just had just identified a frequency shift
Non- or uni- directional doppler
39
31. Couple questions, just know that traveling towards the transducer and away
Positive when flowing towards the transducer
Negative when it is flowing away from the transducer
40
32. Primary advantages of pulsed wave
Range resolution, range specificity, and freedom from range ambiguity artifact
able to select the exact location where velocities are measured
41
violation of assumptions
equipment malfunction or poor design
the physics of ultrasound
operator
40. Know the cause for artifacts
42
33. Primary advantages of continuous wave
ability to accurately measure very high velocities
43
35. What is the area of interrogation for Doppler
Sample volume or gate
44
36. What method will have increased sensitivity for low flow states
Power mode doppler
45
37. This describes the portions of the image that are brighter than surrounding tissues
Hyperechoic
46
38. Structures without echoes?
Anechoic
47
39. Similar echo chara?
homogenous
48
40. Know the cause for artifacts
violation of assumptions
equipment malfunction or poor design
the physics of ultrasound
operator
49
41. Multiple equally spaced parallel lines what artifact
Reverberation
50
42. Which artifact is unrelated to the US pulse
Enhancement
51
43. Which artifact produces an image with incorrect number of reflectors
Refraction
52
44. Two distinct reflectors one is an artifact one is deeper than the other
Mirror
53
45. What is the artifact if they are side by side
Lateral resolution
54
Similar to soft tissue
| Speed of sound, attenuation, scattering characteristics, echogenicity Pg. 382
54. Know about tissue equivalent phantom
55
55. Know about conformed consent
(autonomy)
56
56. Know about gold standard
A perfect technique, for example MRI or angiography, that we deem 100% accurate to which our ultrasound results are compared.
57
A perfect technique, for example MRI or angiography that we deem 100% accurate to which our ultrasound results are compared.
56. Know about gold standard
58
46. Which artifact creates only one reflections with two reflectors
Axial Resolution
59
59. Know the intensity limits for unfocused and focused transducers
Unfocused- 100mW/cm^2
| Focused- 1W/cm^2 or 1000mW/cm^2
60
47. Lobes created by array transducers what are they called
grating lobe
61
48. Refraction at the edge of circular structure what is it called
Edge shadowing
62
49. When there is too much gain in the focal zone what is it called
Focal Enhancement
63
50. Which artifact occurs when you see reflectors at incorrect depths
Range ambiguity
64
51. A grainy appearance?
Speckle
65
52. If your PRF is to high what artifact
Range ambiguity
66
53. What artifact found only with Doppler?
Cross talk
67
54. Know about tissue equivalent phantom
Similar to soft tissue
| Speed of sound, attenuation, scattering characteristics, echogenicity Pg. 382
68
55. Know about conformed consent
patients are educated about medical procedure(autonomy)
69
57. Ability to position echoes in their correct position along distance perpendicular to the sound
Lateral resolution
70
58. Stratigicle located pins cysts in masses what kind of phantom
Tissue equivalent phantom
71
70. Know the difference of output power and receiver gain
output power effects bioeffects. Receiver gain has no effects on bioeffects. You should always decrease your output power first then adjust your receiver gain.
72
60. Know appropriate way to introduce yourself to the Patient
Tell them your name and what type of exam you are performing
73
61. Know all and what happens to the image and know all the transducers a lot of questions from the transducers
??
74
62. Use of more active elements to receive reflections with a greater time of flight
??
75
63. Know all about temporal spatial and contrast resolution
??
76
64. Lateral resolution improves with what
.?
77
65. Wanted you to figure out the time it takes to make a single image when looking the frame rate, know how to calculation
??
78
66. Imaging depth is 15cm, 100 lines number of pulses making up a scan is what
??
79
67. Know all about component of the US system
??
80
68. TGC curve know the anatomy of that
??
81
69. Of the receiver functions know which one treats the signal differently due to the depth of the reflector
??
82
70. Know the difference of output power and receiver gain
Output power is harmful to bioeffects. Receiver gain isn't.
| If the image is to bright you should always decrease output power first then do receiver gain.
83
71. Know which function will affect the strength of every pulse transmitted into the body
??
84
72. Reflectors displayed only in the far region what would you have to do
??
85
Any change after freeze frame
black/white inversion
read magnification
contrast variation 3-D rendering
Following question 10. postprocessing
