Final Review Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Closure
A
When are mine to fill in the blanks of a picture even though it’s just shapes
2
Q
Proximity
A
Items are placed close together, so we perceive them as part of a group
3
Q
Figure ground
A
Depends on what you’re focusing on to determine what the figure and ground is
4
Q
Reciprocity norm
A
If someone helps someone else out, they expect help in return 
5
Q
Group polarization
A
After discussing a topic, the group members beliefs become more extreme than part of the discussion 
6
Q
Confirmation bias 
A
The tendency for a person to look for information that supports their beliefs and ignoring evidence that doesn’t
7
Q
Belief, perseverance
A
The tendency for individuals to hold onto believe even after being presented with this information against it
8
Q
Self-serving bias
A
Overstate ones role when there’s a positive outcome and understate it when there’s a negative outcome
9
Q
Stereotype threat
A
The anxiety, that members of the group feel if they believe that their performance will confirm a negative stereotypes
10
Q
Foot in the door phenomenon
A
 Small request, then larger request 
11
Q
Door in the face phenomenon
A
Large request is made, and then smaller after they reject the large request
12
Q
Hostile aggression
A
End goal is physical harm
13
Q
Instrumental, aggression
A
Aggression used to achieved some other means
14
Q
afferent neurons
A
sensory neurons
15
Q
efferent neurons
A
motor neurons (movement)
16
Q
long term potentiation
A
synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation
17
Q
arousal
A
state of alertness and/or being awake
18
Q
reticular formation
A
Part of brain stem that controls arousal
- if its cute –> coma
19
Q
perepheral nervous system
A
nerves that pranch off the brain and spinal chord
20
Q
somatic nervous system
A
controls voluntary movement and feelings
21
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
controls involuntary internal movement
22
Q
sympathetic nervous system
A
alert system that responds to stressors
23
Q
para sympathetic nervous system
A
calms body after stress
24
Q
arousal theory
A
when people do something to raise or lower their arousal level
25
common sense theory
stimulus --> emotion --> arousal
(twig snaps) (fear). (heart races)
26
james-lange theory
stimulus --> arousal --> emotion
27
cannon-Bard theory
stimulus (twig snaps) --> emotion (fear) and arousal (heart racing) at the same time
28
schachter two factor
stimulus --> arousal and cognitive appraisal (evaluating the stimulus--> emotion)
29
Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory
stimulus --> cognitive appraisal --> emotion and arousal at the same time
30
cerebellum
coordination, motor control, balance, muscle memory
31
broca's area
prefrontal lobe, produces speech
- "bro"
32
expressive aphasia
loss of speech
33
wernickes area
understand spoken language
34
angular gyrus
takes visual stimuli and sends to Wernicke's area to under stand whats written
35
inattentional blindness
failing to notice a recognisable stimuls because one's attention is focused elsewhere
- ex. how many passes but bear walks in the middle
36
cocktail party effect
a person's ability to focus on one thing while ignoring everything else
37
cognitive maps (tolman)
map in your head
38
approach-approach conflict
choice between two desirable outcomes
ex. choosing between two good colleges
39
avoidance-avoidance conflict
two undesirable outcomes
ex. clean bathroom or room
40
approach-avoidance
when an event/goal has attractive and unattractive features
41
multiple approach avoidant conflict
choice between two or more options and all options have pluses and minuses
ex. option 1- amazing location/beautiful but expensive
option 2- solid location but cheaper
42
habituation
diminished effectiveness of a stimulus in after repeated response
ex. living in the city
43
algorithm
step-by-step procedure that garuntees a correct outcome
44
framing
Presenting info in a way that impacts how it's perceived
45
source amnesia/misattribution
identifying where a memory came from wrong
46
chunking
organizing info into meaningful units to be stored into memory
47
functional fixedness
A cognitive bias that limits a person's ability to use an object in a way other than its intended purpose, "stuck" or "fixed"
-overcome by thinking of different uses
48
mental set
you use a solution that worked in the past on a current problem
49
reciprocal determinism (bandura)
ones thoughts, behavior, and environment influence eachother
ex. "I'm a good student" --> studies hard --> good grades --> ^
50
external locus of control
chance or outside forces control their fate
51
internal locus of control
you control your own fate
52
learned helplessness experiment (seligman)
Part 1
- group one (control): no shock
- group 2: shocked (lever --> stopped shock)
-group 3: shocked (lever didn't stop shock)
part 2 (put in a room with escape from shock)
- group 1: shocked then went to safety
-group 2: went to safety
-group 3: accepted the shock
53
possitive psych
Seligman encurages a possitive outlook
54
humanistic psych
(maslow and rogers) self improvement
55
maslow's hierarchy of needs
physiological needs --> safty needs --> love and belonging --> esteem --> self actualization
56
self-actualization
fulfilling one's highest potential
57
self concept (maslow and Rogers)
how do you see yourself?
positive and negative
58
unconditional positive regard
parent/ therapist in fully acceptant of kid
59
mean
average
60
median
middle number
61
mode
most common number
62
range
largest-smallest #
63
standard deviation
how close the numbers are to the mean
64
circadiam rhythem
biological cycles that occur every 24 hours
65
rem sleep
most dreams occur, brains processing memories, paradoxical sleep (can't move but sending waves like you are wide awake)
66
correlation coefficient
strength of relationship
- ex. Further from 0 stronger correlation
67
authoritative parenting
supportive + strong discipline
68
authoritarian parenting
super strict with little support
69
permissive parenting
supportive with weak discipline
70
repression
blocking memories fro ones mind
ex. child abuse
71
regression
behaving in a wat that helped relieved anxiety in the past
ex. sucking thumb
72
displacement
taking out anger on something less threatening
ex. gets in trouble --> kicks trash can
73
projection
attributing undesirable feelings onto others
ex. cheaters thinks everyone else cheats
74
denial
refusing to accept whats happening
ex. denies drug addiction
75
sublimation
redirecting unacceptable impulses through something socially acceptible
ex. exercise as a way to channel anger
76
rationalization
making excuses to justify behavior
ex. car expensive but need to get around
77
reaction formation
acts opposite manner of true feelings
ex. "hates" the boy who broke up with her but actually still loves him
78
kohlberg's moral development
1. pre-conventional
2. conventional
3. post-conventional
79
pre-convetional
obedience to avoid punishment
80
conventional
Makes decisions based on what others think
81
post-conventional
follow laws but believe they should be broken for good reason
82
piaget cognitive development stages
(0-2) Sensorimotor- experience through senses and object permanence
(2-7) Preoperational- use words to express things, pretend play, egocentrism
(7-11) Concrete operational- logic, understands conservation
(12+) formal operational- abstract thinking
83
conservation
understanding that the amount is the same even when altered in appearance
84
erikson's psychosocial development
(0-1) trust vs. mistrust (trust the world)
(1-2) autonomy vs. shame (wanna do stuff on their own)
(3-5) Initiative vs. guilt (leader)
(6-11) Industry vs. inferiority (confidence)
(12-18) identity vs. role confusion
(19-40) intimacy vs. isolation
(40-65) generativity vs. stagnation (leaving a legacy)
(65-death) integrity vs dispair (life successful?)
85
absolute threshold
minimum amt of stimulation required to trigger sensations
ex. don't feel a bug on your arm bc its below your absolute threshold
only abt 50% of time
86
difference threshold
the minimum change in the intensity of a stimulus needed to detect the change
- only able to detect 50% of time
87
adrenal glands
part of endocrine system
secretes hirmones norepinephrine and epinephrine
88
prospective memory
remembering to do a task at a certain time
89
social loafing
someone works less had when in a group
ex. group projects
90
cocktail party effect
Tune into one voice while many convos are going
91
the neuron-firing process
the threshold is met and the neuron will fire
92
acetylcholine
muscle contraction and movement
93
dopamine
seeks pleasure
94
serotonin
regulates moods
95
epinephrine/norepinephrine
fight or flight response
96
GABA
regulates sleep-wake clcles
97
endorphins
reduces pain
98
glutamate
memory
99
display rules
Cultural norms that show how you should display emotion
100
groupthink
individuals in a group preserve how they think t preserve the harmony of the group
ex. going out to eat at a place your friends want to go but you don't
101
cognitive dissonance
the difference between behavior and thought process
people need to reduce the dissonance
ex. wants to help environment but drives a car causing pollution
102
schema
dif categories we organize info in our brains
103
self-fulfilling prophecy
the expectation abt a situation that impacts an individual's behavior in a way that leads to the expectations to come true
ex. bad student
104
big five personality traits
openness-open to new tthings
conscientiousness- responsible
extraversion- sociable
agreeableness-like to help others
neuroticism- sensitive
105
cross-sectional study
different groups of people at the same time
106
longitudinal study
a researcher studies the same people year after year
107
context dependant memory
can rtrieve memories that correspond to the physical setting that it was in
108
mood congruent memories
recalling memories when in the same mood
109
state dependant memory
retrieving memories when in the same state
ex. drunk, high
110
snensory memory
filters out whats import to remember
