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HumBio 3A - 2nd Half > Final Review session 2 > Flashcards

Final Review session 2 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

what prevents more sperm from attaching

A

cortical granules bind to zona pellucida and cleave proteins

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2
Q

what happens after fertilization

A

cleavage until morula (3-4 days)

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3
Q

how many cells in morula

A

16-32

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4
Q

the cells of the morula are _____ potent

A

toti

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5
Q

after the morula, the _____ forms

A

blastocyst

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6
Q

cells in the ICM of the blastocyst phase are _______ potent

A

pluri

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7
Q

the blastocyst consist of the ____ and the _____

A

ICM and the trophoblast

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8
Q

trophoblast turns into the _______

A

placenta/umbilical cord

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9
Q

trophoblast cells are _____ potent

A

multi

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10
Q

after the blastocyst, the mass will ______

A

implant

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11
Q

implantation happens during the ______ stage

A

blastocyst

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12
Q

after implantation there is a ______ and a _______

A

epiblast and hypblast

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13
Q

the cells from the epiblast start migrating down to the _____ _______

A

primitive streak

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14
Q

the epiblast cells push the ______ cells aside

A

hypoblast

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15
Q

the hypoblast cells will become ____ embryonic cells

A

extra

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16
Q

the first cells to dive through primitive streak become the ______

A

endoderm

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17
Q

order of layers

A

ecto, meso, endoderm

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18
Q

first layer to dive becomes the _____

A

endoderm

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19
Q

the bilaminar disc is made from the _____ _______

A

epiblast and the hypoblast

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20
Q

does the hypoblast become a germ layer?

A

no

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21
Q

what happens to the hypoblast cells?

A

becomes yolk-sac lining

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22
Q

the primitive node is part of the ______ ______

A

primitive streak

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23
Q

the notochord is part of the _______

A

mesoderm

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24
Q

the neural plate is part of the _______

A

ectoderm

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25
the _______ pushes the neural plate down towards the notochord to form the neural tube
ectoderm
26
bones come from what layer?
mesoderm
27
embryonic stem cells are _____ potent
pluri
28
adult stem cells are ______ potent
multi
29
how are stem cells and progenitor cells different?
stem cells can self-reproduce, while progenitor cells cann
30
where are stem cells located?
in a niche
31
what's the location of stem cells in the gut?
the crypt
32
the ____ provides local signals for the stem cells that tells the cells to _____ _____
niche, self-renew
33
if a stem cell is far from the niche, they will.....?
create differentiated cells
34
in order to duplicated themselves, stem cells must be close to the _____
niche
35
3 ways to form embryonic stem cells
1. in vitro - take cell from ICM of the blastocyst and add to another organism 2. nuclear transfer - remove nucleus from oocyte, remove nucleus from diploid cell and add it into unfertilized oocyte - voila embryonic stem cell 3. IPS - induced pluripotent cells - express 4 genes in fibroblast
36
oocyte
unfertilized egg
37
in xenopus, the extrinsic signal is given to the ______ side
ventral
38
_____ is an extrinsic signal that binds to a toll receptor in xenopus to determine the dorsal/ventral polarity
dorsal
39
dorsal binds to the _____ receptor in xenopus
toll
40
in the xenopus, the high dorsal concentration is on the _____ side
ventral
41
3 non-dorsal hormones in xenopus embryo
dpp/sog/twist
42
twist binding affinity for dorsal
low
43
dpp binding affinity for dorsal
high
44
sog binding affinity for dorsal
high
45
dorsal _____ dpp
represses
46
dorsal ______ sog
activates
47
dorsal ______ twist
activates
48
4 crucial hormones for xenopus D/V polarity
dorsal, dpp, sog, twist
49
twist ____ sog which _____ dpp
inhibits, inhibits
50
twist is found in the ______ side of the embryo
ventral
51
stickleback fish?!?>!?!
all genes related to lacking hind limbs were related to PITX1 gene
52
stickleback fish that lacked hindlimbs had what?
had a homozygous mutation in the enhancer region for PITX1 gene
53
PAMP
pathogen associated molecular patterns
54
what recognizes pamps
the innate immune system (dendritic cells and macrophages)
55
the ____ breaks up a pathogen in a phagocyte and then presented on the _____ ______
lyzozyme, MHC class II
56
what pathway is used to turn on cytokine genes
NFKB
57
humoral response
antibody response
58
antibodies can be ______ or _______
transmembrane or secreted
59
_____ b-cells have ______ antibodies
naive, transmembrane
60
in order for an innate response to be generated, the _____ cell must be activated by a _____ of the _____ system
helper T cell, phagocyte, innate
61
what do cytotoxic T cells release
perforin and paranzymes
62
what do paranzymes activate?
caspases
63
myeloid progenitors produce cells of the _____ response
innate
64
lymphoid progenitors produce cells of the _______ response
adaptive
65
region where limbs can form
the limb forming zone (determined by Hox)
66
initial growth signal for limb formation
fgf10
67
fgf10 binds to ______ to start limb formation
Receptor tyrosine kinase
68
fgf10 signals from the _____ ______ of the mesoderm
lateral plate
69
fgf ____ is signaled back to fgf10 from the _____
8, AER
70
AER
apical ectodermal ridge
71
fgf10 ______ fgf8
activates
72
fgf8 _______ fgf10
activates
73
fgf10 and 8 form a ________ _______ ______
positive feedback loop
74
in the anterior region of limb development, ______ is expressed, which controls the expression of the forelimb
Tbx5
75
in the posterior region of the limb development, ______ is expressed, which controls the express of the _______
tbx4 , hindlimb
76
on the posterior end of a limb, the _____ _______ _______ releases Shh
zone of polarizing activity
77
Shh ______ FGF8
activates
78
the ZPA means
zone of polarizing activity
79
the ZPA expresses ______
Shh
80
high levels of Shh form ______ digits
larger
81
a pinky will form in a ________ Shh region
low
82
is FGF8 sufficient to form a limb?
no! it needs fgf10 and an AER
83
_____ will stop limb growth
BMP
84
BMP _____ cell/limb growth
inhibits

HumBio 3A - 2nd Half (17 decks)

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