Week 9 - Immunology Flashcards by M H

immunity is____

the state of protection against foreign substances

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antigen

anything that can elicit a specific immune response (viral protein)

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Innate immune response

protects body immediately against many different pathogens

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Adaptive Immune response

provides a delayed, adaptive and specific protection. ex - protection against H1N1, but not a variant of

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innate immune response is mediated by

dendritic cells and macrophages

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adaptive immune response is mediated by

T and B cells, Antibodies made from B cells

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Does the innate immune response impact the adaptive response?

YES, the innate response prepares the adaptive response.

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how do antibodies, T cells and dendritic cells specifically recognize invaders, bugs?

receptors

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________ defense systems are based on the distinction between self and alien invaders

animal

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antibodies are made by_____

B cells

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two types of antibodies

secreted and membrane bound (BCR - b-cell receptor)

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PAMP

pathogen associated molecular pattern

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innate immune cells recognize _______

PAMPS

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TLR

Toll-related receptor

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LPS

lipopolysaccharides

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what do LPS’s do

they form the outer layer of bacteria, and act as PAMPS

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does bacterial DNA have methylation?

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TLR9 will recognize what?

unmethylated bacterial DNA

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TLR’s are present in the _____ and the _____

macrophage and the dendritic cell

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What part of the immune system are TLR receptors a part of?

the Innate immune response

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TCR

t-cell receptor

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MHC

major histocompatibility complex

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a pathogen recognized by a TLR9 receptor will be lysed and degraded to peptides, which are then presented to the ____ by the _______

t-cell receptor by the MHC

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when a pathogen is detected by the innate immune response, ______ are released, which lead to the _________ of T-cells

cytokines, proliferation

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cytokines can give __________ responses that can sometimes be __________

inflammatory , hyperactive

the mast cell releases granules containing ________

histamine

histamine is released by the ______ cell

mast

histamine causes capillaries to become _______, allowing plasma and __________ to escape into tissue

leaky, phagocytes

cell-based defense, both innate and adaptive, is based on the _________ system

lymphoid / hematopoietic

bone marrow contains _____ _______ for the entire hematopoietic system

stem cells

a hematopoietic stem cell leads to what 2 progenitor cells?

myeloid and lymphoid

myeoloid progenitors lead to what cells

mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells

lymphoid progenitors lead to what cells

B cells, T cells, natural killer cells

innate immune response is mediated by _____

dendritic cells and macrophages

adaptive immune response is mediated by

T and B cells , Antibodies made by B cells

lymphocyte

white blood cells, including NK cells (natural killer), B cells, and T cells

two types of adaptive immune responses

antibody response and cell-mediated response

do non-vertebrates have an adaptive immune response?

does the adaptive immune response have memory?

yes after responding to a pathogen once, the system can respond more rapidly to subsequent exposure

3 features of the adaptive response

specificity , self/non-self determination, memory

a cell-mediated response is exerted by a ______

T cell

____ ______ are responsible for an antibody response

B Cell

each B cell produces a ______ antibody

different

initially, B cells express a _______ _______ antibody, but after amplification, they switch to generating a ________ form of the antibody

membrane bound, secreted

the membrane-bound form of an antibody acts as a ______ and sends a ______ signal

receptor, mitogenic (growth factor)

antibodies are ______ consisting of 2 identical ______ chains and 2 identical ______ chains

tetramers, heavy, light

interior Y structure of antibodies are called the _______

heavy chain

both heavy and light chains have two regions: ____ and _____

variable and constant

the variable region of an antibody forms the antigen ______ site

binding

the constant region of an antibody determines the _______ and _______ of the antibody

destination and function(class)

heavy and light chains consist of repeating units, called _____ ______

Ig domains

Ig domains have about ______ amino acids

110

the binding site of an antibody is between _____ regions of the ____ and the _____

variable regions of the heavy and light chains

3 types of antigen binding that occur

pocket, groove, surface

an individual can make ______ different antibodies

10^9

the variable region consists of ___ ___ and ___ segments

V , D and J

_______ assembly of different V, D, and J segments generates ______ different possibilities

combinatorial 10^9

two types of lymphocytes that are produced upon exposure to antigen triggers

effector and memory cells

memory cells respond more _____ than naive cells

rapidly

immunological memory

rapid, specific response upon re-exposure

the most common antibody is _____

IgG

IgG promotes _____

phagocytosis

how do antibodies travel from the blood to milk?

a specific receptor transcytoses antibodies over cells

TCR

t cell receptor

TCR's are _______ proteins

transmembrane

Like antibody genes, TCR genes are assembled from_______,_______, ______, and ______ segments

VDJC

do T cells interact with free antigens or viruses

no!

T cells interact with _________

cells and infected cells through the major histocompatibility complex

two major types of T cells

cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells

heavy chains combine what segments?

VDJC

light chains combine what segments

VJC

MHC

major histocompatibility complex

TCR's characteristics

alpha-beta hertodimer, transmembrane protein variable and constant region VDJC arranged

Class I MHC's interact with_______

Cytotoxic T cells

Class II MHC's interact with ______

Helper T-Cells

_______ is a co-receptor on Cytotoxic T-cells

CD8

_______ is a co-receptor on Helper T Cells

CD4

Class I MHC's are found in _______ and recognized by _______

most cells in the body, cytotoxic T cells

Class II MHC's are found in ________ and recognized by _______

antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages) helper T cells

granzymes and perforin are released by ______ to _____ cells that present ______ on the class ____ MHC

cytotoxic T cells, kill, antigens I

granzymes activate _______

caspases

what causes organ rejection?

differences among MHC alleles in unrelated individuals. Diff alleles are seen as foreign, and are attacked/rejected

humoral response

antibody response

what cells does HIV target

cells with CD4 proteins

people miss the ______ gene are immune to HIV

CCR5

Week 9 - Immunology Flashcards

(85 cards)