FINALS FLASHCARDS

Question 1

if kingdom plantae originated from ARCHAEPLASTIDA, where did kingdom ANIMALIA come from?

Answer 1

opisthokonta

Question 2

memorize BIO 14 lab diagram for all main phyla

Question 3

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS

Answer 3

1. eukaryotic, multicellular, motile
2. complex organization
3. absence of cell wall, plastids, vacuoles
4. glycogen (carbohydrates storage)
5. cell division occurs by furrowing
6. ingestive mode of nutrition
7. diplontic life cycle
8. embryo-forming
9. closed-type development

Question 4

determine the organ systems acc to the ff classifications:

1. protection, support, and movement (3)
2. specific physiological functions for maintenance (4)
3. integration and coordination functions (2)
4. perpetuation of species (1)

Answer 4

1. • integumentary
   • skeletal
   • muscular
2. • digestive
   • respiratory
   • circulatory
   • excretory

3.
- endocrine
- nervous

4. reproductive

Question 5

3 thing organelles/structures that CANNOT be found in animal cells

Answer 5

1. cell walls
2. plastids
3. vacuoles

Question 6

effect of the absence of cell wall on animal cells?

(give 1 positive & 1 negative effect)

Answer 6

POSITIVE
- increases variety of cell shapes in animals

NEGATIVE
- problems arise when animals are exposed to different fluid environments

Question 7

principle carbohydrate storage in animals?

+ where stored?

Answer 7

glycogen

stored in muscles & liver

Question 8

what is furrowing?

Answer 8

constriction of animal cells during cytokinesis (cell division

Question 9

3 processes involved in ingestion of nutrition in animals?

Answer 9

1. ingestion - taking in bulk of food
2. digestion - internal, enzymatic, extracellular that occurs in a specialized cavity called the digestive tract
3. absorption - food broken down to small molecular units for transport to internal cells

Question 10

are there haploid cells in the life cycle of animals?

Answer 10

yes, but only the gametes are haploid

Question 11

reproductive organs are termed ____

+ 2 types?

Answer 11

gonads

1. testis
2. ovary

Question 12

what are the 2 gametes in humans?

Answer 12

1. spermatozoa
2. egg

*undergo FERTILIZATION to become a 2n zygote

Question 13

are some animals hermaphrodites?

Answer 13

yes, meaning they contain both male and female reproductive organs

Question 14

fertilization in animals are ____

Answer 14

oogamous

(union of mobile male and immobile female gametes)

Question 15

why are animal cells and tissues evolved to become specialized and form a complex organism?

Answer 15

in order to fit the criteria of heterotrophs (seeking & processing food)

Question 16

5 monophyletic clades?

Answer 16

1. Porifera - sponges
2. Placozoa - tiny parasitic creatures resembling amoeba
3. Cnidaria - jellyfish
4. Ctenophora - comb jellies
5. Bilateria - all other animals?

Question 17

The bilateria clade constitutes the _________ which contains the “true animals”

Answer 17

Eumetazoa

Question 18

WHAT animals are exempted from the ff:

1. Diploid
2. Undergoing Sexual Reproduction

Answer 18

1. male bees, wasps, ants : haploid animals due to being from unfertilized eggs
2. cnidarian, flatworms, and roundworms: undergoes asexual: budding

Question 19

why do some animals undergo UNIPARENTAL REPRODUCTION?

+ what type of animals specifically?
+ other terms (2)?
+ process of development?

Answer 19

due to limited access to mates

*from insects and few vertebrates

AKA “parthenogenesis” or “virgin beginning”

develops from a female gamete (full of nutrients) W/O fertilization

Question 20

some animals are ____ instead of DIPLOID

+ process of development?
+ why is it called as such?

Answer 20

Haplodiploidy

• unfertilized eggs develop into a male offspring

** the female egg is diploid w both maternal and paternal chromosomes
** but the male offspring is haploid due to containing only maternal chromosomes

Question 21

MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT in animals (3)?

Answer 21

1. Zygote
2. Formation of germ layers to form a multicellular embryo
3. complex adult organism

Question 22

SUBSTAGES of development in animals? (6)

Answer 22

1. Zygote undergoes cleavage/cell division
2. Morula (contains 8-16 blastomere cells)
3. Blastula (blastocoel forming inside morula)
4. Gastrulation
5. Morphogenesis
6. Organogenesis

Question 23

what occurs in gastrulation?

Answer 23

rearranges the blastula to form a 2-layered embryo w/ primitive gut

Question 24

other term for primitive gut?

Answer 24

archenteron / digestive cavity

Question 25

what occurs in morphogenesis?

Answer 25

movement of cell mass to produce PRIMARY GERM CELLS

Question 26

what occurs in organogenesis?

Answer 26

specialization of cells to become a particular cell type + forms organs from the 3 embryogenic germ layers: 1. neural tube 2. notochord 3. somites

Question 27

what do you call the opening to the inner cavity (digestive cavity)?

Answer 27

blastospore

Question 28

difference between the 3 primary germ layers?

Answer 28

ECTODERM - surface of animals ENDODERM - walls of digestive tract MESODERM - structure between ectoderm and endoderm

Question 29

INCOMPLETE METAMORPHISM vs COMPLETE METAMORPHISM

Answer 29

INCOMPLETE: 1. egg 2. nymph (smaller ver of adult) 3. adult COMPLETE: 1. egg 2. larva 3. pupa 4. adult

Question 30

3 specialized embryogenic germ layers + difference

Answer 30

1. Neural tube - forms the central nervous system 2. Notochord - provides skeletal support 3. Somites - give rise to vertebrae, ribs, and skeletal muscles.

Question 31

FATES OF THE PRIMARY GERM LAYERS

Answer 31

ECTODERM - hairs, nails, epidermis, brain, nerves MESODERM - notochord, dermis, blood vessles, muscle, cartilage ENDODERM - internal linings of gut and respiratory pathways, liver, pancreas

Question 32

when will organs stop forming in animals?

Answer 32

once the fully developed embryo is formed *not true for all animals since for some, it can regenerate once cut off (starfish, lizards)

Question 33

3 types of ANIMAL BODY PLANS

Answer 33

1. Symmetry 2. Cleavage Patterns 3. Coelom Formationm

Question 34

ANIMAL BODY PLANS determine the type: pattern of arrangement of body parts around an axis + 3 types

Answer 34

symmetry 1. Asymmetrical 2. Radial (biradial & pentaradial) 3. Bilateral

Question 35

when does cleavage of zygote occur?

Answer 35

2-3 hours after fertilization

Question 36

2 types of cleavage?

Answer 36

1. Holoblastic - complete and equal division of cells 2. Meroblastic - cleavage restricted to small area

Question 37

2 types of pattern of cleavage planes?

Answer 37

1. Radial - cleavage planes produce symmetrical cells on top of each other 2. Spiral - cleavage plane spiral around an axis

Question 38

2 types of cleavage pattern based on embryonic development?

Answer 38

1. Determinate - each cell produced does not have capacity to develop into a complete embryo 2. Indeterminate - each cell produced can individually develop into a whole organism

Question 39

PROTOSTOMES vs DEUTEROSTOMES

Answer 39

Protostomes - the blastopore becomes the mouth Deuterostomes - the blastopore becomes the anus

Question 40

between protostomes & deuterostomes, which is associated with the 2 types of cleavage patterns based on embryonic development?

Answer 40

1. Determinate = Protostomes 2. Indeterminate = Deuterostomes

Question 41

what animals exhibit the 2 types of patterns of cleavage planes?

Answer 41

Radial - echinoderms, amphixious, mammals, amphibians Spiral - flatworms, annelids, molluscs

Question 42

ARRANGE THE FF in increasing levels of complexity: 1. Triploblastic Acoelomate 2. Diploblastic Acoelomate 3. Triploblastic Coelomate + composition

Answer 42

1. Diploblastic Acoelomate - ectoderm - endoderm - gut 2. Triploblastic Acoelomate - ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm - gut 3. Triploblastic Coelomate - ectoderm - mesoderm - coelom - endoderm - gut

Question 43

PROTOSTOMES vs DEUTEROSTOMES in terms of: 1. Cleavage 2. Coelom Formation 3. Fate of Blastospore

Answer 43

PROTOSTOMES: 1. Spiral and Determinate 2. Schizocoelous: mesoderm split to form coelom 3. Mouth develops from blastospore DEUTEROSTOMES 1. Radial and Indeterminate 2. Enterocoelous: folds of archenteron form coelom 3. Anus develops from blastospore

Question 44

2 TYPES based on presence of definite tissues

Answer 44

1. Parazoa - no definite tissue arrangement - sponges 2. Eumetazoa - w definite tissue arrangement and presence

Question 44

2 TYPES based on presence of internal skeleton

Answer 44

1. Invertebrates - no internal skeleton 2. Vertebrates - w internal skeleton

Question 44

3 TYPES based on presence of body cavity

Answer 44

1. Acoelomate - no body cavity - single cavity is gut 2. Pseudocoelomate - w pseudocoel derived from blastocoel 3. Coelomate - coel from mesoderm and archenteron