PLANTS ppt Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
Plants are ______ eukaryotes whose bodies are composed of ______, ______, and ______ with ______ ______ functions
A
- multicellular
- organs
- tissues
- cells
- high specialized functions
2
Q
GENERAL FEATURES of PLANTS
A
- multicellular eukaryotes
- cell wall
- photoautotrophic
- reserve food
- retain embryonic tissues
- diplohaplontic life cycle
- oogamous
- embryo-formers
- sterile jacket of cells surrounding reproductive structures
3
Q
5 UNIQUE ORGANELLES in plant cells
A
- cellulose cell wall
- chloroplasts (type of plastid)
- plastids
- central vacuole
- plasmodesmata (channels connecting 2 plant cells for transport and communication)
4
Q
PHYTODIVERSITY
- definition
- includes… (3) which each covers… (3)
A
- variety of intraspecific variability of plant life within a specific area
- TAXONOMY
- number of different species
- genetic variations
- interaction within the ecosystem - ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
- abundance;
- variety; and
- variability of plant species
5
Q
The Philippines is the ______ most phytodiverse and most ______ country
A
- 5th
- speciose (very high number of plant species in the world)
6
Q
how many PLANT SPECIES are there in mount makiling?
A
1500 (based on 2020) - 2000 (based on 2021) estimate
7
Q
Differentiate the ff:
- Lateral Bud
- Apical Bud
- Leaf Primordium
- Shoot Apex
- Taproot
- Lateral Root
- Root Hairs
- Root Apex
- Root Cap
A
- Lateral Bud - Bud growing from the side of a stem, forming branches.
- Apical Bud - Bud at the tip of a stem responsible for vertical growth.
- Leaf Primordium - Young, undeveloped leaf forming near the shoot apex.
- Shoot Apex - Growing tip of a shoot where new leaves and stems originate.
- Taproot - Main central root growing deep into the soil.
- Lateral Root - Smaller roots branching off from the taproot.
- Root Hairs - Tiny extensions of root cells that absorb water and nutrients.
- Root Apex - Growing tip of a root where cell division occurs.
- Root Cap - Protective structure covering the root apex as it grows through soil.
8
Q
3 PLANT ORGANS
A
- Root
- Stem
- Leaves
9
Q
3 TYPES of permanent tissues
A
- Ground Tissue
- Vascular Tissue
- Dermal Tissue
10
Q
Which of the types of ground tissues are associated with the vascular tissue?
A
Parenchyma & Sclerenchyma
11
Q
Name the TYPES OF CELLS in the following tissues:
- Ground Tissue (3)
- Vascular Tissue (4)
- Dermal Tissue (3)
A
- Ground tissue cells
- parenchyma cells
- collenchyma cells
- sclerenchyma cells
2, Vascular tissue cells
- tracheids
- vessel elements
- sieve tubes
- companion cells
- Dermal tissue cells
- epidermal cells
- stomata
- trichomes
12
Q
PARENCHYMA TISSUES
- 2 main characteristics?
- involved in what plant processes (5)?
- forms the _____ _____ in _____
A
- thin wall
- extracellular spaces
a. photosynthesis
b. secretion
c. food storage
d. synthesis of organic products
e. metabolism
- soft tissues in fruits
13
Q
why do parenchyma tissues have extracellular space
A
to facilitate gaseous exchange and transport of molecules
14
Q
PARENCHYMA TISSUES
- acts as _____ cells in XYLEM AND PHLOEM
- acts as _____ _____ that surround the _____ _____
A
- transfer
- bundle sheaths
- vascular strands
15
Q
COLLENCHYMA TISSUES
- most unique feature?
- main functions (2)?
A
- unevenly thickened primary walls made of cellulose
- allow for FLEXIBILITY/PLIABILITY of stem
- support function of young plants
16
Q
which of the ground tissue cells are living?
A
parenchyma and collenchyma cells
17
Q
COLLENCHYMA TISSUES
- supports mainly what plant organs (2)
- has _____ deposits of _____ in their CELL WALL that appear _____ in _____ shape
A
young growing organs (petiole and midrib)
- thick
- cellulose
- polygonal
- cross-section
18
Q
what happens to collenchyma tissues after secondary growth in plants?
A
becomes crush as woody tissues develop so collenchyma tissue are generally temporarily functional
19
Q
SCLERENCHYMA TISSUES
- dead or living?
- main functions (2)?
- cell walls contain _____ _____ _____
- other characteristics of cell (1) + location?
A
- dead
- strength and support
- lignified secondary walls
- rigid/non-stretchable
- found in nongrowing regions (bark/mature stems)
20
Q
do sclerenchyma tissues contain protoplasts?
A
no, they do not contain LIVING PROTOPLASTS at MATURITY
21
Q
2 general shapes of sclerenchyma cells?
+ main function + examples
A
- fibers (elongated)
- for flexibility
- cortex, phloem, xylem - sclereids (short, irregular)
- for strength
- nut shells, seed coats
*not limited to these
22
Q
GROUND TISSUES
- main functions?
+ mainly composed of what type of cells?
A
- synthesize organic compounds
- support plants
- provide storage for plant
- mostly made of parenchyma cells but include some collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells
23
Q
general differences between COLLENCHYMA and SCLERENCHYMA cells?
A
CC: no hardening agent (lignin) and no secondary cell walls
: for young plants
SC: lignified secondary walls
: mainly for mature plants
24
Q
5 composition of CELL WALL in plants?
A
cellulose (primary wall)
hemicellulose (secondary wall)
lignin (secondary wall: support & water-conducting cells)
wax
suberin
25
PARTS of the cell wall (like in layers) : 6
1. Middle lamella (pectin) - outermost
- connects plant cells
2. Primary wall
3. Secondary wall 1
4. Secondary wall 2
5. Secondary wall 3
6. Lumen - innermost
- intracellular space like cytoplasm i thenk
26
3 photosynthetic pigments present in plants?
chlorophylls a
chlorophylls b
caroetenoids
27
reserve food of plants (1)?
- transported from ______ to ______
STARCH
- transported from sites of synthesis (leaves) to sites of storage (stem tubers; corm, root tubers)
28
what does it mean by plants have the ability to "retain embryonic tissues"?
OPEN DEVELOPMENT
- plants can grow indefinitely due to meristems
29
what does it mean by plants are "oogamous"?
the larger female gamete is immobile, smaller male gamete is mobile
30
what does it mean by plants have a "sterile jacket of cells surrounding reproductive structures"?
walled spores produced in sporangia
31
3 main reproductive parts PRIMARILY in NON-FLOWERING PLANTS?
1. Gametangia
- where gametes are found
2. Archegonium
- egg bearing organ with....
- long neck extends beyond venter & capped at the tip with cover cells
3. Antheridium
- outer row of sterile cells
- inner row of fertile cells (sperm gamete)
32
TRENDS IN THE EVOLUTION OF PLANT LIFE CYCLE
determine if the ff are dominant in different plant groups:
1. Gametophyte
2. Sporophyte
MOSSES & nonvascular plants
1. Dominant (dependent for nutrition)
2. Reduced
FERNS & other seedless vascular plants
1. Reduced (independent: photosynthetic & free-living)
2. Dominant
Seed plants
1. Reduced (to microscopic level)
2. Dominant (dependent for nutrition)
33
2 groups under seed plants
1. gymnosperms
2. angiosperms
34
HETEROSPORY vs HOMOSPORY
+ what does evolutionary history say about this?
1. Homosporous
- produced only one type of spore, which develops into a bisexual gametophyte (both male and female reproductive structures).
2. Heterosporous
- produce two different types of spores: microspores (male) and megaspores (female).
ANCESTORS of seed plants: homosporous
seed plants: heterosporous
35
MEGASPOROGENESIS
Composition of OVULES in:
1. gymnosperm
2. angiosperm
1. gymnosperm
- megasporangium
- megaspore
- one integument
2. angiosperm
- megasporangium
- megaspore
- two integuments
36
MICROSPOROGENESIS
- microspores develop into ____ ____ , which contain the ____ ______
- mode of dispersion of pollens?
- when will a "pollen tube" occur?
- pollen grains
- male gametophytes
- air or animals
- once a pollen grain germinates
37
_____ is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
Pollination
38
seeds may remain ____ for (how long?) until ___?
seeds may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination.
39
the TAPROOT & FIBROUS root system arise from the ______
radicle
40
MAIN PATH OF WATER (5)?
+ 2 types of paths
+ which is most used?
epidermis -> cortex -> endodermis -> pericycle -> xylem
* per region, passes thru plasmodesmata
1. SYMPLASTIC ROUTE
- water moves from cell to cell by entering the cytoplasm through the plasmodesmata
2. APOPLASTIC ROUTE
- water moves by capillary action through cortex cell walls until it reaches the endodermis.
*90% of water moves through the apoplastic route
41
water transport up the stem is possible through what type of force (2)?
FORCES OF ATTRACTION
1. cohesion (attraction between similar molecules)
2. adhesion (attraction between different substances)
42
evaporation of water in leaves is based on that theory?
+ controlled by what?
TRANSPIRATION-COHESION THEORY
- "sucking force"
- controlled by opening and closing of stomata
43
SUGAR TRANSLOCATION (4 stages)
1.Sugars made in leaf mesophyll cells (source) diffuse to phloem cells in the vascular bundles.
2.Companion cells load dissolved sugars into the phloem (sieve tube) using energy (ATP).
3.Water moves into cells with high sugar concentrations.
4.Osmotic water flow generates a high hydraulic pressure that moves dissolved sugars through the phloem to the rest of the plant (sink).
44
HIGHEST tree in UPLB
kapok (Ceiba pentandra) tree
or
Samanea saman (since sinira na ung highest)
45
valid name of aloe vera
Aloe barbadensis Miller
46
plants are PRODUCERS in ____ environments
terrestrial
47
____ are DIRECT PRODUCTS of meiosis
spores
48
3 KINDS of sporangia
1. synangium
- 3 fused sporangia found in whiskferns (Psilotum)
2. sorus
- clusters of sporangia found in ferns
3. strobilus
- clusters of sporangia with associated sporophylls found in lycophytes (Selaginella, Lycopodium)
49
there is formation of _______ during cell division
phragmoplast
50
other term for cork cambium?
phellogen
51
are the ff GAMETOPHYTE or SPOROPHYTE:
1. Bryophytes
2. Tracheophytes
1. Gametophyte
2. Sporophyte
52
REASONS FOR THE FF STRUCTURE IN dicots vs monocots:
1. ROOTS
Dicot: crossed-xylem position without a pith
Monocot: organized bundle sheaths surrounding a pith
2. STEMS
Dicot: organized bundle sheaths surrounding a pith
Monocot: random bundle sheaths positions without a pith
3. LEAVES:
Dicot: 2 layers of mesophyll (palisade & spongy)
Monocot: 1 uniform layer of mesophyll
1. ROOTS
D: TAPROOT SYSTEM - No pith since occupied by vascular cambium to support anchorage and deep root penetration
M: FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM - The ringed, symmetrical structure helps with even distribution of water and nutrients
2. STEMS
D: Arrangement supports thicker stems and wood formation
M: Supports rapid vertical growth and flexibility—ideal for grasses and other monocots that grow quickly and don’t become woody
3. LEAVES
D: Dicot leaves often have broad shapes to maximize photosynthesis, so the dual-layered mesophyll helps balance light absorption and gas exchange
M: Narrow, linear leaves of monocots don’t need layered mesophyll since they are adapted for efficient gas exchange along long, thin surfaces
