1
Q
The sack of Rome by the Gauls.
A
c. 387 BCE
2
Q
The First Samnite War.
A
343-341 BCE
3
Q
The Roman conquest of Latium (Second Latin War).
A
341-338 BCE
4
Q
The Second Samnite War.
A
326-304 BCE
5
Q
The Third Samnite War.
A
298-290 BCE
6
Q
The Roman victory at the Battle of Sentinum.
A
295 BCE
7
Q
The Pyrrhic War.
A
280-275 BCE
8
Q
The completion of the Roman conquest of the Italian peninsula.
A
c. 270 BCE
9
Q
The First Punic War.
A
264-241 BCE
10
Q
The Second Punic War.
A
218-201 BCE
11
Q
The Second Macedonian War.
A
200-196 BCE
12
Q
The suppression of the cult of Bacchus by the Roman state.
A
186-183 BCE
13
Q
The Third Macedonian War.
A
171-168 BCE
14
Q
The Third Punic War.
A
149-146 BCE
15
Q
The tribunate and death of Tiberius Gracchus.
A
133 BCE
16
Q
The death of Gaius Gracchus.
A
121 BCE
17
Q
The birth of Virgil in Mantua.
A
70 BC
18
Q
The formation of the ‘First Triumvirate’ (Pompey, Crassus, Caesar).
A
60 BC
19
Q
The outbreak of civil war between Caesar and Pompey.
A
49 BC
20
Q
The Battle of Pharsalus.
A
48 BC
21
Q
The assassination of Julius Caesar.
A
44 BC
22
Q
The formation of the ‘Second Triumvirate’ (Octavian, Antony, Lepidus).
A
43 BC
23
Q
The Battle of Philippi.
A
42 BC
24
Q
The Perusine War.
A
41-40 BC
25
The Treaty of Brundisium, which renegotiated the Second Triumvirate.
40 BC
26
The Battle of Actium between Octavian and Antony/Cleopatra.
31 BC
27
Octavian's Triple Triumph in Rome.
29 BC
28
Octavian is named 'Augustus' by the Roman Senate.
27 BC
29
The death of Virgil and posthumous publication of the Aeneid.
19 BC
30
The period when the Roman playwright Plautus 'flourished' (`floruit`).
206-184 BC
31
The period when the Roman playwright Terence 'flourished' (`floruit`).
166-160 BC
32
The capture of the Etruscan city of Veii by Rome.
c. 396 BCE
33
The creation of the Roman provinces of Hispania Citerior & Hispania Ulterior.
197 BCE
34
The creation of the Roman Province of Africa.
146 BCE
35
The tribunates of Gaius Gracchus.
123/2 and 122/1 BCE
36
According to Pliny the Elder, what Roman king was the first to strike a design on bronze coinage?
King Servius (c. 578-535 BCE).
37
What was the name for the earliest form of Roman currency, consisting of raw, unshaped bronze?
`Aes Rude` (6th – 5th century BCE).
38
What was the term for the cast bronze bars with simple designs that followed `Aes Rude` in Roman monetary history?
`Aes Signatum` (c. 280-260 BCE).
39
What was the name for the heavy, cast round bronze coins that followed `Aes Signatum`?
`Aes Grave` (c. 225-217 BCE).
40
The Denarius Reform, which introduced a new silver coinage, took place in the context of what major conflict?
The Second Punic War (a financial crisis).
41
In the Roman household, a likeness of a deceased family member was placed in a small wooden shrine in what part of the house?
The most public part of the house.
42
Who was Aurelia Philematio's husband, according to her epitaph?
A fellow freedman, Lucius Aurelius Hermia.
43
The map of Roman mines from the Oxford Roman Economy Project shows a particularly high concentration of mining activity in which peninsula?
The Iberian Peninsula (Spain).
44
What material, mined extensively by the Romans, left a pollution legacy recorded in Greenland ice cores?
Lead.
45
According to Diodorus Siculus, who performed the labor in the Iberian mines after the Romans took control?
A multitude of purchased slaves.
46
Pliny the Younger described a Roman mining technique that involved hollowing mountains with galleries and then collapsing them, calling the miners 'conquerors' who gazed upon the collapse of _____.
nature
47
According to Appian, what aspect of North Africa did the Romans observe that highlighted its valuable resources?
How diligently the country was cultivated.
48
What term describes the Roman practice of dividing agricultural land into a grid system, extensively used in North Africa?
Centuriation.
49
The inscription on the silver coin from 269 BCE depicts what foundational myth of Rome?
The she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus.
50
According to Livy, how did Rome treat the defeated Etruscan city of Veii after its capture in 396 BCE?
Its land was confiscated, its population expelled or enslaved, and it was repopulated with Roman citizens.
51
What major construction project was undertaken in Rome as a direct result of the Gallic sack of c. 387 BCE?
The Servian Wall.
52
In the settlement after the Latin War of 341-338 BCE, what status was granted to the Campanians, Fundani, and Formiani as a reward for their support of Rome?
Citizenship without the right to vote (`civitas sine suffragio`).
53
During the Third Samnite War, what Roman consul performed a `devotio`, a ritual of self-sacrifice in battle, at Sentinum in 295 BCE?
Decius Mus.
54
What famous phrase, meaning a victory won at too great a cost, is attributed to King Pyrrhus of Epirus after a battle with the Romans?
"If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined."
55
The Roman historian Tacitus, quoting Emperor Claudius, attributes Rome's success to its founder Romulus's wisdom in treating conquered peoples how?
He fought them as enemies and then hailed them as fellow-citizens on the same day.
56
The family tree of the Gracchi shows their mother, Cornelia, was the daughter of which famous Roman general?
Scipio Africanus.
57
According to Cicero, what two opposing political factions existed in the late Roman Republic?
The `populares` (friends of the people) and the `optimates` (best men).
58
What was a key motivation for Tiberius Gracchus's land reform, related to military recruitment?
To increase the number of citizens who owned enough land to qualify for army service.
59
According to Plutarch, what did Tiberius Gracchus see while travelling through Etruria that inspired his land reform policies?
Abandoned land being farmed only by foreign slaves.
60
How did the tribune Marcus Octavius initially attempt to block Tiberius Gracchus's agrarian bill?
He used his tribunician veto.
61
How did Tiberius Gracchus overcome the veto of his fellow tribune, Marcus Octavius?
He had the assembly depose Octavius from office, an unprecedented act.
62
Tiberius Gracchus controversially proposed using the treasury of what bequeathed kingdom to fund his land commission?
The Kingdom of Pergamum (from King Attalus).
63
Plutarch described the death of Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BCE as the first sedition at Rome to end in bloodshed since what event?
The abolition of the monarchy.
64
Among Gaius Gracchus's many reforms was a law that established regular distributions of what commodity to Roman citizens?
Grain.
65
Gaius Gracchus transferred jury duty for cases of senatorial corruption from senators to what other social class?
The equestrians (`equites`).
66
The Aeneid begins with the line, "I sing of _____ and the _____."
arms ... man
67
In Book 12 of the Aeneid, what does Aeneas see on Turnus's shoulder that enrages him and causes him to kill Turnus?
The sword-belt of the young Pallas, whom Turnus had killed.
68
On the shield of Aeneas in Book 8, Vulcan depicts the future Battle of Actium, portraying Antony's forces as having 'barbarous wealth and strange weapons' and bringing with him the might of what region?
Egypt and the Orient.
69
On Vulcan's shield, what barking, animal-headed Egyptian god is depicted brandishing weapons against the Roman gods Neptune, Venus, and Minerva?
Anubis.
70
The final image described on the shield of Aeneas shows the Araxes river, which resents its restored bridge, using the same Latin word, _____, that describes Turnus's soul fleeing to the Shades.
`indignatus` / `indignata` (angry/resentful)
71
The `fabula palliata` was a genre of Roman comedy known as the 'play in _____ dress.'
Greek
72
Which school of Greek comedy, exemplified by Menander, focused on 'bourgeois' situations and stereotyped characters, heavily influencing Roman comedy?
Greek New Comedy.
73
According to Livy, scenic entertainments were first introduced to Rome from Etruria in 364/363 BC for what purpose?
To appease the divine displeasure during a pestilence.
74
In his `De re rustica`, how does Varro classify slaves as instruments for tilling land?
As the class of instruments endowed with speech (`instrumenti genus vocale`).
75
A denarius coin from c. 29-27 BC commemorates the subjugation of Egypt with what inscription and image?
The inscription 'AEGYPTO CAPTA' and an image of a crocodile.
76
According to Strabo, how many vessels sailed from Myos Hormos to India during the prefecture of Aelius Gallus, compared to only a few under the Ptolemies?
As many as one hundred and twenty.
77
The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula was only completed under Augustus around 19 BC after fierce fighting against which two tribes in the north?
The Astures and Cantabri.
78
What was the purpose of the victory monument at La Turbie, built in the Augustan era?
To commemorate the conquest of the Alpine tribes.
79
What was the name of the Roman supply-base and legionary fortress on the Lippe river, occupied from c. 11-8/7 BC during the first phase of Augustus's German Wars?
Oberaden.
80
What disaster in AD 9, described by Velleius Paterculus, resulted in the slaughter of three Roman legions under Varus?
The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (or the Varian Disaster).
81
According to Velleius Paterculus, who led the German forces and orchestrated the ambush in the Teutoburg Forest?
Arminius.
82
The archaeological site believed to be the location of the Teutoburg Forest battle is known by what modern name?
Kalkriese.
83
Under Augustus, what was the annual pay for a Roman legionary?
225 denarii.
84
The most common silver coin in the Augustan period, used to pay legionaries, was the _____.
denarius
85
In the Augustan monetary system, what was the smallest denomination coin, made of copper?
The quadrans.
86
The famous Nemausus coins, minted in Southern Gaul, allude to the subjugation of Egypt with an image of what animal chained to a palm tree?
A crocodile.
87
What architectural feature of the Forum of Augustus, specifically the use of caryatids, shows strong influence from the Erechtheion in Athens?
The use of sculpted female figures as columns/supports.
88
What major public entertainment building in Rome, with a seating capacity of around 20,000, was completed circa 17 BC?
The Theatre of Marcellus.
89
The Licinian-Sextian reforms of 367 BC created what new annual magistracy, whose holder was the leading official in Rome when the consuls were on campaign?
The praetor.
90
What law, passed by the tribune Lucius Genucius, required that at least one of the two consuls chosen each year had to be a plebeian?
The Genucian Law.
91
According to the antiquarian Festus, what tribune's law transferred the duty of compiling the list of senators to the censors?
Ovinius.
92
What ceremony, described by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, preceded the Roman Games (`ludi Romani`) and involved a procession from the Capitol to the Circus Maximus?
A procession honoring the gods, featuring young men, charioteers, athletes, and dancers.
93
What was the term for the new Roman governing elite that formed after plebeians gained access to high office, composed of both patrician and plebeian families?
The nobles (`nobiles`).
94
In the Roman Republic, what was the chief celebration of a military victory, involving a formal procession of the general and his army through the city?
The triumph.
95
During a triumph, the victorious general (`triumphator`) rode in a four-horse chariot and painted his face to resemble the cult statue of what god?
Jupiter Best and Greatest.
96
What was the term for the wax portrait masks of ancestors who had held high office, which were kept in the atria of noble Roman houses?
`Imagines`.
97
During the funeral of a Roman noble, actors would wear the family's `imagines` and a prominent male relative would deliver a funeral speech known as a _____.
`laudatio`
98
The First Punic War broke out as a result of a struggle over what strategic city controlling the straits between Italy and Sicily?
Messana (modern Messina).
99
In 227 BCE, the Romans first elected four praetors, stationing two of them permanently in what became Rome's first overseas 'provinces'?
Sicily and Sardinia-Corsica.
100
What was the term for the special tax, assessed based on the census, that Roman magistrates could collect from citizens in times of exceptional need?
`Tributum`.
101
The standard Roman silver coin, introduced in the late third century BCE, which featured a helmeted Roma on the obverse and the Dioscuri on the reverse, was called the _____.
denarius
102
What Roman `municipium` in Campania, one of the largest cities in Italy, defected to Hannibal's side after the Battle of Cannae?
Capua.
103
In 205 BCE, following distressing portents, the Roman senate imported the cult image of what Anatolian goddess, known as the `Magna Mater`, to Rome?
The Great Mother (Cybele).
104
The Roman term for a magistrate's assigned area of military and administrative responsibility, which evolved into the term for an overseas territory, was _____.
`provincia`
105
What was the term for state contractors in Rome who bid for public contracts, such as supplying armies or collecting taxes?
`Publicani`.
106
Who was the Lusitanian leader who successfully waged war against several Roman armies in Spain before being assassinated in 139 BCE?
Viriathus.
107
Which Roman commander finally captured the Celtiberian stronghold of Numantia in 133 BCE after a lengthy siege?
Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus.
108
After defeating King Philip V of Macedon at Cynoscephalae in 197 BCE, what Roman commander famously proclaimed the 'freedom of the Greeks' at the Isthmian Games?
Titus Quinctius Flamininus.
109
The destruction of what wealthy Greek commercial city by the Roman commander Lucius Mummius in 146 BCE served as a dire warning to other Greeks?
Corinth.
110
According to Strabo, what small Aegean island became a massive slave market, capable of handling 10,000 slaves a day, after the destruction of Carthage and Corinth?
Delos.
111
What was the primary meaning of the Latin noun `virtus`?
Manly courage, especially in a military context.
112
What was the name for the formal advisory decree issued by the Roman senate?
`Senatus consultum`.
113
What was the term for the leading and most influential senators, who generally had held the highest offices and belonged to prominent families?
`Principes`.
114
The tribune Aulus Gabinius passed a law in 139 BCE that instituted what major change in Roman voting procedure?
The requirement of secret ballots for elections.
115
In the period following the Gracchi, ambitious Roman politicians who sought wider popularity among the citizen body to advance their careers were known as _____.
`populares`
116
Roman politicians who followed traditional methods of competition within the senatorial order, identifying themselves as the 'best people', were known as _____.
`optimates`
Anc Hist
flashcards
Decks in class (17)
# Cards
-
Reliability points Roman11
-
SPQR + Religion23
-
Roman challenges/conspiracies6
-
succession14
-
Senate v Emperors (learn 20)14
-
Tiberius22
-
Claudius21
-
Nero23
-
Pre 88 history13
-
Political context3
-
Main figures of breakdown17
-
Civil War and Caesar17
-
Civil war to Actium22
-
Actium5
-
Socio-economic7
-
flashcards116
-
Quotes189
