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Clinical Anatomy > Food Animal Exam Lecture 2: Clinical Anatomy of spine, abdomen, and perineum > Flashcards

Food Animal Exam Lecture 2: Clinical Anatomy of spine, abdomen, and perineum Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between a spinal anesthesia and epidural

A
  1. Epidural is injected into epidural space where there is NO CSF but negative pressure
  2. Spinal anesthesia is through dura and into CSF in subarachnoid space
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2
Q

How much lidocaine do you use in cattle for caudal epidural

A

1mL/200lbs, maximum 6mL’s

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3
Q

How much lidocaine do you use for small ruminants in caudal epidurals

A

1mL/100lbs

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4
Q

What are some indications for caudal epidurals

A
  1. Dystocia
  2. C-section
  3. Rectal prolapse
  4. Vaginal prolapse
  5. Uterine prolapse
  6. PU-urolithiasis
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5
Q

What are the 3 possible locations for a caudal epidural

A
  1. Sacroccoygeal joint
  2. 1st intercoccygeal joint
  3. 2nd intercoccygeal joint
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6
Q

Which location for the caudal epidural has the best access

A

1st intercoccygeal joint

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7
Q

How should you place the needle during a caudal epidural

A

Perpendicular to skin NOT ground

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8
Q

How do you know you are in correct space when doing an epidural

A

Place a lidocaine bleb in the hub and advance until negative pressure sucks lidocaine down

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9
Q

What are some indications for a LS epidural

A
  1. C-section
  2. Umbilical surgery
  3. Mastectomy
  4. Tube cystotomy
  5. Painful fracture near hind end
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10
Q

In additional to LS epidural what other blocks must be done for umbilical surgery

A

Local blocks cranial to umbilicus

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11
Q

What does the LS epidural blocks

A

Sensory and motor to caudal 1/2 of body

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12
Q

How much lidocaine should be given to small ruminant for LS epidural

A

1m/l15lb

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13
Q

How much lidocaine should be given to small ruminant for LS spinal anesthesia

A

0.5mL/15lb

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14
Q

What is the correct technique for a CSF aspirate in LS region

A

Use midline just caudal to line connecting tuber coaxes

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15
Q

What are some negative effects of line blocks/inverted L blocks

A
  1. Incomplete block of peritoneum
  2. Hematomas in incision
  3. Large amounts of lidocaine—> toxicity
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16
Q

Paravertebral local anesthesia blocks are good for ___relaxation

A

Muscle

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17
Q

What are the two types of paravertebral local anesthesia

A
  1. Proximal/dorsal
  2. Distal/lateral- “tip”
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18
Q

Which paravertebral local anesthetic injection uses less lidocaine and is better for fat/heavily muscled animals

A

Proximal/dorsal

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19
Q

What paravertebral anesthetic injection uses more lidocaine and is easily done on this cows

A

Distal/lateral- “tip”

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20
Q

Which paravertebral injection is indicated by 1-2

A
  1. proximal/dorsal
  2. Distal/lateral/tip
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21
Q

Where is the spinal nerve located for the proximal/dorsal paravertebral injection

A

Closer to caudal edge of lumbar transverse process than to cranial edge of the next, thus we want to “walk off the back” when possible

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22
Q

For the proximal/dorsal paravertebral injection where is the nerve root located and what does it split into

A

Nerve root is below the transverse process and splits into dorsal and ventral branches

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23
Q

For the proximal/dorsal paravertebral injection where do we want to inject the greater volume and why

A

Below the transverse process because split into two branches

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24
Q

To desensitize T13 in proximal/dorsal paravertebral block where should your needle go

A

In front of L1

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25
Q

To desensitize T1 in proximal/dorsal block where should your needle go

A

Back of L1

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26
Q

How many mL’s of lidocaine should be injected below the transverse process in the proximal/dorsal paravertebral block

A

15mL

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27
Q

How many mL’s lidocaine should be injected above the transverse process in the proximal/dosral paravertebral block

A

5mL above

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28
Q

Where are the spinal nerves located for the distal/tip paravertebral block

A

Near the tip of the next caudal transverse process

29
Q

If you want to hit T13 and L1 with a distal/tip paravertebral block where do you insert your needle

A

L1 (for T13) and L2 (for L1)

30
Q

If you want to hit L2 with a distal/tip paravertebral block where do you insert your needle

A

L4

31
Q

How much volume do we want to put above and below the transverse process in the distal/tip paravertebral block and why

A

Equal amounts because the branches have split in both regions

32
Q

How many mL’s of lidocaine would we inject at the tip of L1,L2, and L4 for a distal/tip paravertebral block

A

17mL above and below

33
Q

Which paravertebral block causes less epaxial and hypoxia blockade and therefore less scoliosis and is better for a weak/lame cow

A

Distal/tip

34
Q

What are some indications for a rumen trocar

A
  1. Esophageal foreign obstruction
  2. Frothy bloat with severe abdominal distention and obvious respiratory compromise
35
Q

Where is the gas cap located that requires a rumeostomy

A

Dorsal left paralumbar fossa

36
Q

What are some indications for rumenostomy

A
  1. Recurrent bloat
37
Q

What 3 muscles make up the flank

A

1.external abdominal oblique
2. Internal abdominal oblique
3. Trans versus abdominus

38
Q

How do the muscle fibers run for the external abdominal oblique

A

Caudoventral

39
Q

How do muscle fibers run in internal abdominal oblique

A

Cranioventral

40
Q

How do muscle fibers run in trans versus abdominus

A

Dorsoventral

41
Q

Label 1-5 and what side of abdomen are we on

A

left side
1. Reticulum
2. Spleen
3. Greater momentum
4. 13th rib
5. Dorsal sac or rumen

42
Q

Label 1-3 and what side of abdomen are we on

A

right side
1. Spiral colon
2. Abomasum
3. Omasum

43
Q

What is the function of the reticular groove

A

Facilitates flow of milk form esophagus directly into omasum and abomasum thereby passing the reticulum and rumen in calves

44
Q

Identify the forestomachs 1-3 based on their varying papillae/laminae

A
  1. Rumen
  2. Reticulum (honeycombs)
  3. Omasum (laminae)
45
Q

What portion of the ruminant forestomach is structurally and functionally similar to the simple stomach of monogastrics

A

Abomasum

46
Q

A left sided ping in the red, green or white areas would indicate what

A

Red: left displaced abomasum
Green: rumen gas cap
White: pneumoperitoneum

47
Q

How do to differentiate left sided pings

A
  1. Location
  2. Quality of ping
  3. Succession
  4. Pass stomach tube
  5. Liptact test
  6. Ultrasound
48
Q

Pings for a right displaced abomasum are typically over what rib spaces

A

10-11th ribs

49
Q

Is a right displaced abomasum typically palpable on rectal exam

A

No

50
Q

What are some differential diagnoses for right sided pings in the red, blue, yellow and white areas

A

Red: RDA, abomasal volvulus
Blue: colonic distention
Yellow: cecal dilation/volvulus
White: pneumoperitoneum

51
Q

What rib spaces is a volvulus ping usually centered over

A

10-12th

52
Q

What ICS is typically large in volvulus ping

A

9th

53
Q

Where do you perform a rumoenocentesis

A

10cm caudal to the costochondral junction and 10cm below 13th rib

54
Q

When is an abdominocentesis indicated

A
  1. Peritonitis (hardware, abomasal ulcers, liver abscess)
  2. Intestinal accidents (strangulating vs impactions)
  3. Intra-abdominal neoplasia (lymphosarcoma, mesothelioma)
  4. Ruptured bladder
55
Q

Where do you perform an abdominocentesis

A

Lateral to udder about 6cm caudal to xiphoid and 6cm lateral to midline

56
Q

When is a liver biopsy indicated

A

To confirm presence of liver disease whether toxic, infectious or metabolic

57
Q

Where do you perform a liver biopsy externally

A

Between ICS 9, 10, or 11
Draw two lines from tubercoaxae to shoulder and elbow

Usually 10th intercostal space

58
Q

What stitch is performed after correction of uterine prolapse

A

Buhner stitch

59
Q

Describe the how to do a buhner stitch

A

Stab incision ventral to vulva and thread through. Leave a 3 finger wide opening

60
Q

If a bull or boar presents with an obstructive urolithiasis why can’t you unblock with a normal urethral catheter and what must be done instead

A

Sigmoid flexure prevents you from using normal urethral catheter

Instead must do perineal urethrostomy

61
Q

What is an episiotomy

A

Surgical incision of the vulvar to facilitate vaginal delivery when there is a dystocia caused by Fe to-maternal disproportion

62
Q

Where do you make your incision for episiotomy

A

10 o’clock and 2 o’clock positions

63
Q

Where are some common locations for obstructive urolithiasis

A

Where diameter of urethra decreases
1. Urethral process/verniform appendage
2. Sigmoid flexura

64
Q

For castration you want to use ___in small ruminants and camelids

A

Injectable anesthesia

65
Q

Where is the abomasum located

A

Right hand side of ventral abdomen between omasum and SI

66
Q

What is on the left side of the ruminant

A

Rumen (majority) and reticulum

67
Q

Where do you place a rumen Trocar to treat bloat and help with breathing

A

Dorsal region of paralumbar fossa- where the gas cap is

68
Q

Why don’t you want to place rumen trocar ventrally

A

Rumen fluid

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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