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Clinical Anatomy > Food Animal Exam Lecture 2: Clinical Anatomy of spine, abdomen, and perineum > Flashcards

Food Animal Exam Lecture 2: Clinical Anatomy of spine, abdomen, and perineum Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

what is the difference between a spinal anesthesia and epidural

A
  1. Epidural is injected into epidural space where there is NO CSF but negative pressure
  2. Spinal anesthesia is through dura and into CSF in subarachnoid space
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2
Q

How much lidocaine do you use in cattle for caudal epidural

A

1mL/200lbs, maximum 6mL’s

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3
Q

How much lidocaine do you use for small ruminants in caudal epidurals

A

1mL/100lbs

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4
Q

What are some indications for caudal epidurals

A
  1. Dystocia
  2. C-section
  3. Rectal prolapse
  4. Vaginal prolapse
  5. Uterine prolapse
  6. PU-urolithiasis
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5
Q

What are the 3 possible locations for a caudal epidural

A
  1. Sacroccoygeal joint
  2. 1st intercoccygeal joint
  3. 2nd intercoccygeal joint
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6
Q

Which location for the caudal epidural has the best access

A

1st intercoccygeal joint

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7
Q

How should you place the needle during a caudal epidural

A

Perpendicular to skin NOT ground

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8
Q

How do you know you are in correct space when doing an epidural

A

Place a lidocaine bleb in the hub and advance until negative pressure sucks lidocaine down

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9
Q

What are some indications for a LS epidural

A
  1. C-section
  2. Umbilical surgery
  3. Mastectomy
  4. Tube cystotomy
  5. Painful fracture near hind end
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10
Q

In additional to LS epidural what other blocks must be done for umbilical surgery

A

Local blocks cranial to umbilicus

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11
Q

What does the LS epidural blocks

A

Sensory and motor to caudal 1/2 of body

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12
Q

How much lidocaine should be given to small ruminant for LS epidural

A

1m/l15lb

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13
Q

How much lidocaine should be given to small ruminant for LS spinal anesthesia

A

0.5mL/15lb

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14
Q

What is the correct technique for a CSF aspirate in LS region

A

Use midline just caudal to line connecting tuber coaxes

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15
Q

What are some negative effects of line blocks/inverted L blocks

A
  1. Incomplete block of peritoneum
  2. Hematomas in incision
  3. Large amounts of lidocaine—> toxicity
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16
Q

Paravertebral local anesthesia blocks are good for ___relaxation

A

Muscle

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17
Q

What are the two types of paravertebral local anesthesia

A
  1. Proximal/dorsal
  2. Distal/lateral- “tip”
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18
Q

Which paravertebral local anesthetic injection uses less lidocaine and is better for fat/heavily muscled animals

A

Proximal/dorsal

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19
Q

What paravertebral anesthetic injection uses more lidocaine and is easily done on this cows

A

Distal/lateral- “tip”

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20
Q

Which paravertebral injection is indicated by 1-2

A
  1. proximal/dorsal
  2. Distal/lateral/tip
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21
Q

Where is the spinal nerve located for the proximal/dorsal paravertebral injection

A

Closer to caudal edge of lumbar transverse process than to cranial edge of the next, thus we want to “walk off the back” when possible

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22
Q

For the proximal/dorsal paravertebral injection where is the nerve root located and what does it split into

A

Nerve root is below the transverse process and splits into dorsal and ventral branches

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23
Q

For the proximal/dorsal paravertebral injection where do we want to inject the greater volume and why

A

Below the transverse process because split into two branches

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24
Q

To desensitize T13 in proximal/dorsal paravertebral block where should your needle go

A

In front of L1

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25
To desensitize T1 in proximal/dorsal block where should your needle go
Back of L1
26
How many mL’s of lidocaine should be injected below the transverse process in the proximal/dorsal paravertebral block
15mL
27
How many mL’s lidocaine should be injected above the transverse process in the proximal/dosral paravertebral block
5mL above
28
Where are the spinal nerves located for the distal/tip paravertebral block
Near the tip of the next caudal transverse process
29
If you want to hit T13 and L1 with a distal/tip paravertebral block where do you insert your needle
L1 (for T13) and L2 (for L1)
30
If you want to hit L2 with a distal/tip paravertebral block where do you insert your needle
L4
31
How much volume do we want to put above and below the transverse process in the distal/tip paravertebral block and why
Equal amounts because the branches have split in both regions
32
How many mL’s of lidocaine would we inject at the tip of L1,L2, and L4 for a distal/tip paravertebral block
17mL above and below
33
Which paravertebral block causes less epaxial and hypoxia blockade and therefore less scoliosis and is better for a weak/lame cow
Distal/tip
34
What are some indications for a rumen trocar
1. Esophageal foreign obstruction 2. Frothy bloat with severe abdominal distention and obvious respiratory compromise
35
Where is the gas cap located that requires a rumeostomy
Dorsal left paralumbar fossa
36
What are some indications for rumenostomy
1. Recurrent bloat
37
What 3 muscles make up the flank
1.external abdominal oblique 2. Internal abdominal oblique 3. Trans versus abdominus
38
How do the muscle fibers run for the external abdominal oblique
Caudoventral
39
How do muscle fibers run in internal abdominal oblique
Cranioventral
40
How do muscle fibers run in trans versus abdominus
Dorsoventral
41
Label 1-5 and what side of abdomen are we on
left side 1. Reticulum 2. Spleen 3. Greater momentum 4. 13th rib 5. Dorsal sac or rumen
42
Label 1-3 and what side of abdomen are we on
right side 1. Spiral colon 2. Abomasum 3. Omasum
43
What is the function of the reticular groove
Facilitates flow of milk form esophagus directly into omasum and abomasum thereby passing the reticulum and rumen in calves
44
Identify the forestomachs 1-3 based on their varying papillae/laminae
1. Rumen 2. Reticulum (honeycombs) 3. Omasum (laminae)
45
What portion of the ruminant forestomach is structurally and functionally similar to the simple stomach of monogastrics
Abomasum
46
A left sided ping in the red, green or white areas would indicate what
Red: left displaced abomasum Green: rumen gas cap White: pneumoperitoneum
47
How do to differentiate left sided pings
1. Location 2. Quality of ping 3. Succession 4. Pass stomach tube 5. Liptact test 6. Ultrasound
48
Pings for a right displaced abomasum are typically over what rib spaces
10-11th ribs
49
Is a right displaced abomasum typically palpable on rectal exam
No
50
What are some differential diagnoses for right sided pings in the red, blue, yellow and white areas
Red: RDA, abomasal volvulus Blue: colonic distention Yellow: cecal dilation/volvulus White: pneumoperitoneum
51
What rib spaces is a volvulus ping usually centered over
10-12th
52
What ICS is typically large in volvulus ping
9th
53
Where do you perform a rumoenocentesis
10cm caudal to the costochondral junction and 10cm below 13th rib
54
When is an abdominocentesis indicated
1. Peritonitis (hardware, abomasal ulcers, liver abscess) 2. Intestinal accidents (strangulating vs impactions) 3. Intra-abdominal neoplasia (lymphosarcoma, mesothelioma) 4. Ruptured bladder
55
Where do you perform an abdominocentesis
Lateral to udder about 6cm caudal to xiphoid and 6cm lateral to midline
56
When is a liver biopsy indicated
To confirm presence of liver disease whether toxic, infectious or metabolic
57
Where do you perform a liver biopsy externally
Between ICS 9, 10, or 11 Draw two lines from tubercoaxae to shoulder and elbow Usually 10th intercostal space
58
What stitch is performed after correction of uterine prolapse
Buhner stitch
59
Describe the how to do a buhner stitch
Stab incision ventral to vulva and thread through. Leave a 3 finger wide opening
60
If a bull or boar presents with an obstructive urolithiasis why can’t you unblock with a normal urethral catheter and what must be done instead
Sigmoid flexure prevents you from using normal urethral catheter Instead must do perineal urethrostomy
61
What is an episiotomy
Surgical incision of the vulvar to facilitate vaginal delivery when there is a dystocia caused by Fe to-maternal disproportion
62
Where do you make your incision for episiotomy
10 o’clock and 2 o’clock positions
63
Where are some common locations for obstructive urolithiasis
Where diameter of urethra decreases 1. Urethral process/verniform appendage 2. Sigmoid flexura
64
For castration you want to use ___in small ruminants and camelids
Injectable anesthesia
65
Where is the abomasum located
Right hand side of ventral abdomen between omasum and SI
66
What is on the left side of the ruminant
Rumen (majority) and reticulum
67
Where do you place a rumen Trocar to treat bloat and help with breathing
Dorsal region of paralumbar fossa- where the gas cap is
68
Why don’t you want to place rumen trocar ventrally
Rumen fluid

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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