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Clinical Anatomy > Lecture 4: Small animal Tarsus and Paw > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Small animal Tarsus and Paw Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ungual crest

A

Thin shelf of bone on the distal phalanx

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2
Q

What is the ungual process

A

The curved conical extension of the distal phalanx into the claw

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3
Q

What is the unguis

A

Keratinized nail

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4
Q

identify 1-6

A
  1. Trochlea
  2. Talus
  3. Central tarsal bone
  4. Tarsal bones I-Iv
  5. Calcaneus
  6. Calcaneal tuber
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5
Q

Is the trochlea of the talus medial or lateral

A

Medial

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6
Q

What does the trochlea of the talus articulate with

A

Tibia

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7
Q

What does the central bone articulate with

A

Talus and tarsal bones 1-3

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8
Q

What does the 4th tarsal bone articulate with

A

Calcaneus

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9
Q

Identify 1-8

A
  1. Central tarsal bone
  2. Calcaneal tuber
  3. Calcaneus
  4. Talus
  5. Central tarsal bone
  6. Tarsal II
  7. Tarsal I
  8. Metatarsal I
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10
Q

identify 1-9

A
  1. Fibula
  2. Tibia
  3. Calcaneal
  4. Talus
  5. Central bone
  6. IV tarsal
  7. I tarsal
  8. I metatarsal
  9. II metatarsal
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11
Q

identify 1-5

A
  1. Trochlea of talus
  2. Central bone
  3. Tarsals 1-III
  4. Calcaneus
  5. 4th tarsal bone
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12
Q

identify 1-6

A
  1. Trochlea of talus
  2. Central bone
  3. Tarsals 1-III
  4. Metatarsals
  5. Calcaneus
  6. 4th tarsal bone
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13
Q

Identify 1-9

A
  1. Calcaneus
  2. IV tarsal
  3. Metatarsal V
  4. Metatarsal IV
  5. Metatarsal III
  6. Metatarsal II
  7. Central bone
  8. Talus
  9. Medial tibial malleolus
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14
Q

Identify 1-7

A
  1. Tibia
  2. Trochlea of talus
  3. Talus
  4. Metatarsals
  5. Tarsals I-III
  6. Central bone and 4th tarsal bone
  7. Calcaneus
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15
Q

identify 1-10

A
  1. Calcaneus
  2. Talus
  3. Central bone and 4th tarsal bone
  4. Tarsals I-III
  5. Tibial cochlea
  6. Metatarsals
  7. Tibiatrochlear/ tarsocrural joint
  8. Proximal intertarsal joint
  9. Distal intertarsal joint
  10. Tarsometatarsal joint
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16
Q

Identify 1-15 and arrows proximal to distal

A
  1. Tibia
  2. Fibula
  3. Medial malleolus of tibia
  4. Lateral malleolus of fibula
  5. Tibial cochlea
  6. Talus
  7. Calcaneus
  8. Calcaneal tuber
  9. Sustentaculum tali
  10. Central tarsal bone
  11. Tarsal I
  12. Tarsal II
  13. Tarsal III
  14. Tarsal IV
  15. Metatarsal V

Arrows: proximal to distal
1. Proximal intertarsal joint
2. Distal intertarsal joint
3. Tarsometatarsal joint

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17
Q

Case: 2yr, NM DSH rear foot stepped on by owner, acutely lame and painful over metatarsal bones, non-weight bearing. Following X-ray was taken what is wrong and what could be some treatment options

A

Fracture to metacarpals II-V

Tx: pins, plate, splint

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18
Q

What are the 4 tarsal joints

A
  1. Tarsocrural/tibiotarsal joint
  2. Proximal intertarsal joint
  3. Distal intertarsal joint
  4. Tarsometatarsal joint
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19
Q

What is the major joint for motion in the tarsus

A

Tarsocrural joint

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20
Q

What does the proximal intertarsal joint join

A

Talus and central/4th bone

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21
Q

What does distal intertarsal joint join

A

Central bone and tarsal bones I-IV

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22
Q

What tarsal joints don’t have movement

A

Proximal, distal and Tarsometatarsal

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23
Q

Identify the following joint spades 1-4

A
  1. Tarsocrural
  2. Tarsometatarsal
  3. Proximal intertarsal
  4. Distal intertarsal
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24
Q

Case: 1yr, MN, lab with intermittent right rear lameness, worse after activity, sore after rest, tarsus is thickened, painful on flexion and extension. The following X-ray is taken, what is wrong

A

Osteochondrosis dissecans of the medial trochlear ridge of the talus (most common place for OCD of tarsus)

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25
What is osteochondrosis dissecans
Fragment of articular cartilage that never formed to bone breaks off and causes inflammation and irritation of surrounding joint/tissues
26
Osteochondrosis dissecans in most common in….
Young, rapidly growing large breed dogs
27
Does the following X-ray show normal or abnormal medial trochlear ridge of tarsus/OCD
normal, trochlear ridge nicely fits in with medial malleolus of tibia
28
which CT is abnormal and what is the problem
Left: Normal Right: abnormal- OCD on medial trochlear ridge of tarsus
29
What species stands digitigrade
Canines, felines, birds
30
What species stand plantigrade
Bears, rabbits, raccoons, red pandas, skunks, kangaroos
31
What species stand unguligrade
Horses, cows, deer, and other hoofed animals
32
What is the common Calcanean tendon composed of
Gastronemius tendon and superficial digital flexor tendon Insert on calcaneus
33
A rupture of the calcanean tendon results in what type of stance
Plantigrade
34
What muscles make up the common tendon
Gracillis, semitendinosus, bicep femoris
35
What is indicated by asterisks, black arrow, and red arrow
asterisks: common Calcaneal tendon Black arrow: Superficial digital flexor Red arrow: gastrocnemius tendon
36
What extra muscle do cats have that joins with the calcaneus
Soleus
37
what muscle is indicated by #2 and what species is this
#2-soleus Species=cat
38
Case: 6yr, FS spaniel acute right rear limb lameness, plantigrade stance, pain on flexion and extension of tarsus, pain on extension of the stifle, swelling noted over the calcaneus. What is a potential cause
Ruptured Calcaneal tendon
39
A rupture of the Calcaneal tendon results in hyperflexion or hyperextension
Hyperflexion
40
What is 1-2 and what ligaments attach there
1. Lateral malleolus of the fibula 2. Medial malleolus of tibia Tarsal Lateral and medial collateral ligaments attach here
41
What is the function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Stabilize tarsal joints- particularly non-mobile joints like proximal, distal and tarsometartsal
42
Identify 1-2
1. Medial collateral ligament 2. Lateral collateral ligament
43
Case: 4yr, NM, Boxer running this AM and acutely non-weight bearing lame, painful on painful on palpation of the left rear foot. The following x-ray was taken, what is wrong and what are some potential tx options
Problem is with proximal intertarsal joint- subluxation due to torn tarsal collateral ligaments Tx: pin because joints are supposed to be immobile normally so not losing motion
44
Case: 6yr, NM Beagle missing 2 days came home not using RHL and open wound on medial aspect of right tarsus. The following X-ray was taken what is wrong
Tarsal valgus- rupture of medial collateral ligament- subluxation and bone fragment also present
45
identify #1
1. Tarsal fibrocartilage
46
What is the function of the tarsal fibrocartilage
Prevent hyperFLEXION of tarsus and immobilize
47
In the carpus, the function of the carpal fibrocartilage is
Prevent hyperEXTENSION
48
Identify the nerves 1-4
1. Sciatic 2. Tibial 3. Superficial peroneal nerve 4. Deep peroneal nerve
49
What are the two main branches off the sciatic nerve
Tibial and fibula (peroneal)
50
What nerve innervates the cranial tibial muscle
Fibular
51
What nerve innervates the peroneus Longus
Fibular
52
What nerve innervates the superficial digital flexor
Tibial
53
What nerve innervates the deep digital flexor
Tibial
54
What nerve innervates the gastrocnemius
Tibial
55
What nerve innervates the long digital extensor
Fibular
56
What nerve innervates the lateral digital extensor
Fibular
57
What nerve innervates muscles that flex the hock
Fibular
58
What nerve innervates muscles that extend the hock
Tibial
59
What nerve innervates digital extensors
Fibular
60
What nerve innervates digital flexors
Tibial
61
Identify 1-3
1. Dorsal pedal 2. Medial saphenous 3. Lateral saphenous
62
What is the dorsal pedal artery clinically useful for
Direct BP via arterial line
63
What species uses the medial saphenous for blood draws
Cats
64
What species uses the lateral saphenous for blood draws and catheter placements
Dogs
65
Would you want to do a tarsal arthrocentesis on the extensor or flexor surface and why
Extensor surface, can flex joint and increase size of extensor surface
66
Where do you want to insert needle for brachial plexus block
Medial to scapula, lateral to ribcage Enter from cranial side
67
What are the two functions of the sesamoid bones
1. Redistribute forces to relieve tension 2. Provide a smooth surface for tendons
68
what joint is luxated
Tarsometatarsal
69
what joint is luxated
Tarsometarsal
70
What ligament is torn and what is the result
Medial collateral ligament, resulting in tarsal valgus
71
How would you describe this finding
Tarsal hyperflexion Plantigrade stance

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