Lecture 2: Small Animal Antebrachium and Elbow Flashcards

(59 cards)

1
Q

Identify the following arrows with corresponding colors

A

Yellow dot: capitulum
Purple dot: radial head
Red: supratrochlear foramen (anconeal process peaking through)
Pink: trochlea
Green: medial coronoid process (ulna)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

identify the following arrows with corresponding color

A

Green: radial head
Purple: anconeal process
Yellow: olecranon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is the capitulum on medial or lateral side of elbow and what does it articulate with

A

Lateral, articulates mainly with radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is the trochlea medial or lateral and what does it articulate with

A

Medial and articulates with ulna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

identify the red, purple and green arrows

A

Red: ulna
Purple: capitulum
Green: trochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

identify 1-9

A
  1. Tuber olecrani of ulna
  2. Medial epicondyle of humerus
  3. Trochlea of humeral condyle
  4. Medial coronoid process of ulna
  5. Head of radius
  6. Capitulum of humeral condyle
  7. Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  8. Anconeal process of ulna
  9. Supratrochlear foramen of humerus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

identify 1-11

A
  1. Anconeal process of ulna
  2. Tuber olecrani of ulna
  3. Caudal border of lateral epicondyle of humerus
  4. Caudal border of medial epicondyle of humerus
  5. Lateral coronoid process of ulna
  6. Proximal radioulnar joint
  7. Medial coronoid process of ulna
  8. Head of radius
  9. Condyle of humerus
  10. Cranial border of medial epicondyle of humerus
  11. Cranial border of lateral epicondyle of humerus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

identify the arrows with corresponding colors

A

Purple: anconeal process
Green: radial head
Red: semilunar notch
Pink: olecranon
Blue: medial coronoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

identify the following arrows and corresponding colors

A

Pink: olecranon
Blue: lateral coronoid process
Red: radial head
Green: anconeal process
Yellow: medial coronoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

identify 1-11

A
  1. Olecranon tuber
  2. Anconeal process
  3. Trochlear notch
  4. Medial coronoid process
  5. Ulnar tuberosity
  6. Interosseous border
  7. Articular circumference
  8. Styloid process
  9. Olecranon
  10. Lateral coronoid process
  11. Radial notch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

identify which one is cat vs dog and what is the yellow arrow pointing to

A

Left: cat
- yellow arrow: Supra-condyloid foramen

Right: dog
- yellow arrow: supratrochlear foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What nerve and artery run through the supracondylar foramen in cats

A

Median nerve and brachial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What nerve and artery runs through the supra-trochlear foramen in dogs

A

NONE! Only cats have median nerve and brachial artery through foramen on humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Case ex: Ruger 6mo MI with 2 week hx of left forelimb lameness, no known. Stiff when gets up and sore after activity. Elbow is mildly painful on manipulation.
Following X-ray was taken. What’s Wrong

A

Ununited anconeal process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ex case Ruger cont: ununited anconeal process: when should anconeal process physis close

A

By 5 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some possible repair solutions for an ununited anconeal process

A

Can remove process, pin but not super common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Will removing ununited anconeal process affect bone growth?

A

No because the that joint contributes a very small % of growth and it should be closed at 5 months anyway when dog is still growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Case ex: Heidi, 11mo FS Labrador retriever with progressive forelimb lameness for 3 months, stiffness after rest, sore with activity, no known trauma. The following X-ray was taken. What’s wrong?

A

Fragmented medial coronoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Does the following X-ray show a normal or fragmented medial coronoid process

A

normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

does the following X-ray show a normal or fragmented medial coronoid process

A

Fragmented, no clear line present between radius and ulna. Indicated by black arrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is indicated by O in X-ray showing fragmented medial coronoid process

A

Osteophyte- bone fragment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which X-ray is normal and what is wrong with abnormal one

A

Left: normal
Right: abnormal, fragmented medial coronoid process- showing bone fragment. Also edge of articulation between humerus and radius is more blunt opposed to sharp edges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which elbow X-ray is abnormal and why

A

Left: normal
Right: abnormal- large space between radius and humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When does proximal radius growth plate close in dogs

25
When does distal radius growth plate close in dogs
8-12 months
26
When does distal ulna growth plate close in dogs
8-12 months
27
When does proximal radius growth plate close in cats
5-8 months
28
When does distal radius growth plate close in cats
14-20 months
29
When does distal ulna growth plate close in cats
14-20 months
30
Which humeral growth plate contributes 80% growth
Proximal growth plate
31
Which growth plate contributes 20% growth
Distal growth plate
32
When does proximal humerus growth plate close in dogs
10-13 months
33
When does humeral condyle growth plate close in dogs
5-8 months
34
When does proximal humerus growth plate close in cats
18-24 months
35
When does humeral condyle growth plate in cats close
3-4 months
36
What is incomplete ossification of humeral condyle
Condyle fails to fuse and the lateral and medial sides are separated by a fibrous band, prone to fracture later in life
37
what is indicated by the black arrows
Incomplete ossification of humeral condyle
38
What is indicated by the white arrow
incomplete ossification of humeral condyle
39
Identify 1-5
1. Oblique ligament 2. Biceps brachii 3. Brachialis 4. Lateral collateral ligament 5. Annular ligament
40
What is the function of the lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the elbow
Main stabilizers of elbow
41
What ligament keeps the radial head sitting in the elbow joint
Annular ligament
42
What would happen if you tore both your medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Luxate elbow
43
identify 1-2
1. Annular ligament 2. Lateral collateral ligament and caudal and cranial crura
44
Ex case: Angel, 8yr FS Lab with acute onset right forelimb lameness following landing wrong after playing ball. Very painful on manipulation of right elbow with abnormal ROM. The following X-ray were taken, what’s wrong
Elbow luxated
45
what happened here
Ulna broke, causing radial head to luxate, tearing annular ligament
46
What are the elbow flexors
Biceps brachii and brachialis
47
What are elbow extensors
Tensor fasciae anterbrachium, long head of triceps, medial head of triceps, accessory head of triceps, lateral head of triceps, and anconeus
48
identify 1-5
1. Accessory head 2. Long head 3. Lateral head 4. Long head 5. Accessory head 6. Medial head
49
Ex case: Gus, 2yr, MI pittie with non weight bearing right forelimb for about a week, painful, swollen caudal elbow, unknown hx of trauma. The following X-ray was taken what is wrong
Fracture to olecranon process, after break the triceps will pull olecranon out of place
50
Ex case: waits, 5yr, NM mix breed with 2-3 month hx of of weight bearing lameness, worsens after exercise, improves with rest. Patient was painful on flexion of shoulder and hyperextension of elbow. What could be injured
Bicep muscles
51
What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate
Biceps
52
What does median and ulnar nerve innervate in antebrachium
Carpal flexors (superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis)
53
What does radial nerve innervate in antebrachium
Carpal extensors (ulnaris lateralis, lateral digital extensor, common digital extensor, extensor carpi radialis)
54
What muscle is hammer targeting? What respond should this elicit? What nerve function does it test
Muscle: triceps Response: elbow extension Nerve: radial
55
what muscle is the hammer targeting? What response should this elicit? What nerve is this testing?
Muscle: biceps Response: elbow flexion Nerve: musculocutaneous
56
What muscle is the hammer targeting? What response should this elicit? What nerve is this testing?
muscle: extensor carpi radialis Response: carpal extension Nerve: radial
57
Ex case: Bubba, 2yr, NM Siamese got out of house came home non-weight bearing but has sensation in foot. What would be your next steps to determine what is wrong
Test reflexes with hammer: start with Extensor carpi radialis (because loss extension), then test triceps and then biceps
58
Ex case Bubba cont: Extensor Carpi radialis- no response, triceps, no response, biceps- reflex present. What nerve is damaged?
Radial
59
identify 1-2
1. Cephalic vein 2. Accessory cephalic vein