Föreläsning 2 Flashcards
(10 cards)
What is a survey?
A survey is a method of collecting information from a group of people, typically through a set of structured questions
Examples of surveys
* Questionares
* Interviews
What is design and creation in the context of strategy?
In research, Design and Creation is a strategy used in applied research, particularly in fields like software development, engineering, and information systems. This strategy focuses on developing and evaluating new artifacts (such as models, frameworks, systems, or software) to solve real-world problems.
Example Applications:
* Developing a new machine learning algorithm to improve image recognition.
* Creating a web application for a specific purpose and testing its usability.
* Designing a cybersecurity framework and evaluating its effectiveness.
What is experiment in the context of strategy?
In research, the experimental strategy (or experiment-based research) is a quantitative research method that tests cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating one or more variables and observing the outcomes.
Example Applications:
* Developing a new machine learning algorithm to improve image recognition.
* Creating a web application for a specific purpose and testing its usability.
* Designing a cybersecurity framework and evaluating its effectiveness.
Extra info :
Key Aspects of the Experimental Strategy:
* Manipulation of Variables – Researchers change one or more independent variables to see how they affect the dependent variable.
* Control Group vs. Experimental Group – Often, an experiment includes a control group (which does not receive the treatment) and an experimental group (which does).
* Randomization – Participants or test subjects are randomly assigned to reduce bias.
* Replication – Experiments should be repeatable to verify results.
* Measurement & Data Analysis – Data is collected, analyzed, and used to determine if the observed effects are statistically significant.
What is a case study?
In research, a case study is a qualitative research strategy that involves an in-depth investigation of a specific case, individual, group, or situation over a period of time. It is used to explore complex issues in real-life contexts.
Example Applications:
* Software Development: Studying how a specific company adopted Agile methodologies and the challenges they faced.
* Cybersecurity: Analyzing a major data breach (e.g., how it happened and how it was mitigated).
* AI Research: Examining how a particular company uses AI for automation and its impact on employees.
Extra info :
Key Aspects of the Case Study Strategy:
1. Focus on a Specific Case – Instead of generalizing across many cases, the study deeply analyzes one or a few selected cases.
2. Real-World Context – The case is studied in its natural environment, often without experimental control.
3. Multiple Data Sources – Researchers collect information through interviews, observations, documents, and reports to get a full picture.
4. Exploratory, Descriptive, or Explanatory –
* Exploratory: Used to explore new areas where little research exists.
* Descriptive: Provides a detailed description of a case.
* Explanatory: Explains causes and effects within the case.
What is action research?
Action Research is a qualitative and participatory research strategy that focuses on solving real-world problems through continuous collaboration and iterative improvements. It is often used in workplaces, education, and software development to improve processes while simultaneously studying the changes.
Example Applications:
* Software Development: A team applies Agile improvements in their workflow while researching how it affects productivity.
* Cybersecurity: A company implements new security policies and continuously refines them based on feedback and observations.
* Education: A teacher experiments with new teaching methods and adjusts based on student performance.
Extra info
Key Aspects of Action Research:
1. Problem-Solving Focus – Aims to identify, analyze, and solve a practical issue.
2. Iterative Process – Research happens in cycles (planning, action, observation, reflection).
3. Collaboration – Researchers work closely with practitioners (e.g., employees, developers, teachers) to implement and evaluate changes.
4. Real-World Context – Conducted in natural environments rather than controlled lab settings.
5. Combines Research & Action – Instead of just observing, the researcher is actively involved in making changes.
What is ethnography?
Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves studying people and cultures in their natural environment. Researchers observe and interact with participants over time to understand their behaviors, beliefs, social interactions, and experiences.
Example Applications:
* Software Development: Observing how developers in a company collaborate to understand team dynamics and workflow.
* Cybersecurity: Studying how employees follow (or ignore) security policies in their daily routines.
* Gaming Industry: Observing how different types of players interact in online multiplayer games.
Extra info
Key Aspects of Ethnography:
1. Immersion in the Environment – The researcher spends extended time within a community or group.
2. Observation & Participation – Data is collected through direct observation, interviews, and participation in daily activities.
3. Focus on Culture & Social Context – The goal is to understand how people behave and interact within their environment.
4. Unstructured Data Collection – Ethnographers use field notes, conversations, photos, and sometimes recordings rather than predefined surveys or experiments.
5. Long-Term Study – Unlike short-term research methods, ethnographic studies often take months or years to complete.
What is qualitative research?
Qualitative research is a research method that focuses on understanding experiences, behaviors, and meanings rather than numerical data. It explores why and how people think, feel, or behave in certain ways, often using open-ended and non-statistical approaches
Common Data Collection Methods:
* Interviews (structured, semi-structured, or unstructured)
* Focus groups (group discussions)
* Observations (watching people in their environment)
* Case studies (in-depth analysis of a specific case)
* Ethnography (immersing in a culture or group)
What is quantitative research?
Quantitative research is a research method that focuses on numerical data, statistics, and measurable outcomes to analyze patterns, relationships, and trends. It is often used to test hypotheses, make predictions, and generalize findings to a larger population.
- Surveys & Questionnaires (e.g., multiple-choice, Likert scales)
- Experiments (e.g., A/B testing, controlled studies)
- Observational Studies (e.g., tracking website usage, analyzing app performance)
- Statistical Analysis (e.g., correlation, regression, mean, standard deviation)
What is a literature review?
A literature review is a comprehensive summary and analysis of existing research, theories, and findings on a specific topic. It’s often included in research papers, theses, or dissertations to show what is already known about a subject, identify gaps, and highlight how the new research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge.
What is snowballing?
Snowballing is a research technique used to find relevant studies or sources by following citations in the references of a paper or article. It’s called “snowballing” because, much like a snowball rolling downhill and gathering more snow, you start with one source and gradually find additional sources, building the body of your research as you go.
