Formative qs

Question 1

Which organism is a commensal in the bull but causes pregnancy loss in the cow

Answer 1

Campylobacter fetus

Question 2

The binding of spermatozoa to the oocyte stimulates the completion of which process?

Answer 2

Meiosis II

Question 3

what is the main endocrine factor causing regression of the PMN ducts in the developing male repro tract?

Answer 3

AMH - anti-mullerian hormone

Question 4

What factor is responsible for the de-feminisation of the brain during foetal development

Answer 4

oestradiol

Question 5

What factor is responsible for sex determination in mammals?

Answer 5

SRY gene

Question 6

What factor prevents sex steroids from crossing the BBB

Answer 6

alpha foetoprotein

Question 7

Which steriogenic cells are recruited during the formation of secondary follicles?

Answer 7

theca

Question 8

Which cell type produces oestradiol in response to follicle stimulating hormone stimulation?

Answer 8

Granulosa

Question 9

Oxytocin receptors are up-regulated in which cell type as part of the initiation of the luteolytic mechanism?

Answer 9

Luminal epithelial

Question 10

describe the embryonic developmental stage in the this image?

Answer 10

Ootid

Question 11

During spermatogenesis when are spermatids formed?

Answer 11

After the 2nd meiotic division, following differentiation of secondary spermatocytes

Question 12

What has to occur for the ovulatory LH surge in birds?

Answer 12

Progesterone must be high enough during the open period

Question 13

What would be the effect of administering GnRH to a cow in the immediate post-ovulatory period (day 1-2 of the cycle)?

Answer 13

Stimulate the emergence of the new follicular wave (through FSH) but no ovulation.

Question 14

What does the pig blastocyst need to secrete in order to establish pregnancy?

Answer 14

Oestradiol

Question 15

What is the effect of angiotensin II

Answer 15

elicits peripheral vascular vasoconstriction and aldosterone release

Question 16

Label the parts of the renal cortex

Answer 16

1 - DCT
2 - fat vacuole
3 - macula densa
4 - PCT
5 - urinary space

Question 17

What factor greatly increases the reaction between CO2 and water in the nephron?

Answer 17

carbonic anhydrase enzyme

Question 18

What class of diuretics must be administered intravenously?

Answer 18

osmotic diuretics

Question 19

Label the black arrow

Answer 19

Renal pelvic recess

Question 20

Intra renal blood flow is protected in the face of low blood pressure by what?

Answer 20

A decrease in the delivery of NaCl to the macula densa leads to vasodilatation of the afferent arteriole.

Question 21

Acidification of urine in the proximal tubules of the kidney is mainly due to which mechanism?

Answer 21

Na/H antiporter in luminal membrane

Question 22

Describe the release of atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 22

released from cardiac atria when ECF volume is increase

Question 23

Which class of diuretic drugs inhibits the luminal renal tubular Na/K/Cl carrier?

Answer 23

Loop diuretics

Question 24

What are the most common causes of PU/PD in cats and how do they cause it?

Answer 24

Renal insufficiency - secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus - osmotic diuresis
Hyperthyroidism - loss of medullary hypertonicity

Question 25

What are the indicators on urine dipsticks that are not reliable in animals

Answer 25

USG Nitrites Leucocytes Urobilinogen

Question 26

How can progesterone levels be used to determine the optimum time for mating in bitches?

Answer 26

A slight increase in progesterone occurs as a result of the pre-luteinisation of the ovulatory follicle just prior to ovulation

Question 27

Explain the changes in progesterone levels in the mare during gestation

Answer 27

P4 conc increases first 25 days due to primary CL secretion ~d35 - endometrial cups forms and secrete equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) Stimulates increased P4 from primary CL and formation of secondary CL ~d140 endometrial cups regress => decreased eCG levels and decreased P4 level local progestogens produced by placenta for rest of pregnancy

Question 28

Describe the gross features of the placenta that indicate chlamydia was the most likely cause

Answer 28

necrotic thickened areas between cotyledons brownish exudate on surface

Question 29

Describe the presentation, position and posture of this calf

Answer 29

cranial longitudinal ventral head normal, left forelimbs flexed caudally at carpus

Question 30

What are the effects of giving PGF2a to a cow in the early luteal phase?

Answer 30

no effect no PGF receptors in CL to act on