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Master Sommelier (2023 update on the way) > Fortified wines > Flashcards

Fortified wines Flashcards

1
Q

What is the history behind “Rainwater” Madeira?

A

After a shipment to the US (Georgia), some barrels were left on the beach. After an heavy rain, Wines were tasting lighter, and softer, and became appreciated by the local peoples.

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2
Q

When did the IVM been created? What is it?

A

Instituto do Vinho da Madeira
1979 to 2006
– the all Madeira industry, from the grape vine to the bottle

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3
Q

What is the main soil type of Madeira?

A

Tufa and Basalt - Volcano island

– High fertility, and retain an high acidity in grapes

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4
Q

When is “Mosto Cotto” used in Marsala?

A

Only for the practice call “Concia”:

= Usage of Mosto Cotto for fortification

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5
Q

“Vinho da Volta”

A
  • Extremely Rare Madeira wine
  • Wine went underwent ocean journey across the equator.
  • Traditional historic way, as it was made in the 19th century
    • Shortridge Lawton do produce it (Madeira wine company)
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6
Q

What is the synonym of Nero d’Avola in Marsala DOC?

A

Calabrese

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7
Q

What is the synonym of Bastardo Grape?

A

Trousseau in France (Jura)

Grow in Douro and Madeira island (tiny production nowadays)

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8
Q

What are the 2 mains GV of Marsala DOC production?

A

Grillo and Inzolia

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9
Q

When did the Phylloxera affected the island of Madeira?

A

1872

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10
Q

“Pedra Mole”?

What is it? From where?

A

Sandy yellow Tufa

volcanic base soil of madeira

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11
Q

Can white grapes be used in Marsala Rubino?

A

Yes

Up to 30%

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12
Q

Explain Estufagem Process?

A

The process used for lowest quality Madeira.

  • After fortification, wine is transferred into a large tank.
  • A system of pipe inside to tank warm up the wine up to 45/50°C for 3 mth
  • WIne is cool down, and leave to rest for 3 mth (Estagio)
  • Racked out in a wooden cask for 3 to 5 years depending style and grapes
  • Mainly used in blended wines
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13
Q

How long time must be aged a Superiore Riserva Marsala?

A

A min of 4 year in oak barrel or either in Cherry wood

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14
Q

How long time must be aged a fine, Marsala?

A

1 year min in an oak barrel or wood cherry

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15
Q

What is the minimum ageing for Frasqueira Madeira?

A

20 years

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16
Q

How long time must be aged a Vergine / Riserva Marsala?

A

A min of 5 year in oak barrel or either in Cherry wood

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17
Q

How is the Madeira wine (as we know today) as been discovered and/or created?

A

During the 16/17th century, Portuguese and British took some wine of Madeira through shipment to colonies.

  • During the travel, wine crossed twice the equator line, and temperature rise up.
  • Wine heated up, and became overly oxidised and slightly cook on arrival.
  • Shipper found it better than what is was before shipping.
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18
Q

When did the island of Madeira has been discovered?

A

1410 by the Portuguese João Gonçalves and Tristão Vaz

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19
Q

Madeira labelled “Solera”?
Style of wine, ageing prior bottling?
Precise the grape

A

Must be aged a a min of 5 years

  • Only 10% of a solera can be drawn off every years
  • Wines added to the solera can be older than the Solera itself.
  • Not often use for young wine
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20
Q

Name the main “Regulation Body” of madeira?

A
  • JVN: Junta Nacional do Vinho (regulated production) - 1937 to 1979
  • IVM: Madeira Wine Institute - 1979 to 2006
  • IVBAM: Since 2006 = Madeira wine institute, Embroidery and Handcrafted
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21
Q

How many hectares of vines are currently planted in Madeira?

A

490 Ha

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22
Q

What are the Authorised Grapes varieties of Madeira?

A

Moscatel
Listrao*
Complexa*
Triunfo

  • hybrid from the Pre-phylloxeric crisis
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23
Q

“Cascalho”?

What is it, from where?

A

Stony soil, based of basalt from madeira island

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24
Q

“Saibro”?

What is it, from where?

A

Decomposed red tufa soil of Madeira

volcanic base soil

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25
Q

When did wine commercialisation and export really started in Madeira?

A

by the 2nd part of the 16th century:

  • Fall down of the cane sugar production = more space for vine grape
  • Strong colonisation period - Wine been shipped to England, Indies, America…
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26
Q

When can be bottled a wine produced from a Canteiro?

A

After 2 years in wood.

Must wait at least 3 years after the fortification.

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27
Q

What grapes are more often grow on the northern side of the island of Madeira? South?

A

North: Sercial / Verdelho = cooler

South: Malmsey / Boal: Better quality, less humidity, higher sugar potential

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28
Q

Ansonica?

What is it, where, synonym?

A

Inzolia Grape variety

White grape of Marsala DOC (Sicily)

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29
Q

What is the synonym of Sercial GV?

Its nickname?

A

Escagna Cão

“Dog Strangler”

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30
Q

What is “Levadas”?

A

Irrigation canal of Madeira

Created in the 15th Century, used for any type of agriculture

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31
Q

Name the white varieties of Marsala?

A

Grillo
Ansonica (Inzolia)
Cattaratto
Damashino

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32
Q

“Rainwater”?

What / Where? Explain it briefly

A
  • light style, medium dry of Madeira wine:
  • Produced from Tinta Negra Moll.
  • Strongly consumes in US
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33
Q

Madeira labelled “Extra Reserve”?
Style of wine, ageing prior bottling?
Precise the grape

A
  • Often produced from single noble grape
  • 15 to 20 years of aged
  • Often heated via “Canteiro” rather than Estufagem
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34
Q

What is Sifone?

A

Mistelle* used in Marsala wine for the fortification of the sweeter version:

  • Mistelle: fortified must produced from overripe grapes
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35
Q

“Massapes”?

What is it? From where?

A

Clay decomposed black tufa soil from Madeira island

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36
Q

Precise ageing requirement for Marsala DOC?

A

Fine: Min 1 year in cherry or oak
Superiore: Min 2 years in Cherry or Wood
Superiore Riserva: Min 4 years in Oak or Cherry
Solera / Vergine: Min 5 years in oak or Cherry wood
Vergine Riserva, Solera Riserva or Stravecchio: Min 10 years in oak or cherry wood

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37
Q

Why is Terrantez disappeared from the Madeira vineyard?

A

For its vineyard difficulties and low yielding, producers do not want to keep it on their plot.

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38
Q

Is Vintage Marsala exist?

Any particuarity on it?

A

Yes is allow but rare

- Date on the label refers to the year of the fortification rather than harvest

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39
Q

Name the 10 PDO of Madeira (villages of origine)

A

North:
1 - Porto Moniz: Sercial
2 - Sao Vincente: Tinta Negra
3 - Santana: Malvasia

South
4 - Machico
5- Santa Cruz
6- Funchal
7- Camara de Lobos: Tinta Negra + Sercial/Boal
8- Ribiera Brava: Boal
9 - Ponta do Sol
10 - Calheta: Boal / Verdelho
11 - Porto Santo: Verdelho
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40
Q

Madeira labelled “Colheita”?
Style of wine, ageing prior bottling?
Precise the grape

A
  • Vintage dated Madeira
  • Must be aged for a min of 5 years prior bottling
  • Can be blended or single variety

– World “Vintage” can not be used on the label - “Harvest” is allow

41
Q

Madeira labelled “Special Reserve”?
Style of wine, ageing prior bottling?
Precise the grape

A
  • Often produced from single noble grape
  • 10 to 15 years of aged
  • Often heated via “Canteiro” rather than Estufagem
42
Q

How is Marsala Fortified?

A
  • Neutral grape spirit (dryer version)
  • Mosto Cotto (cooked must)
  • Sifone (Mistelle produced by fortifying an unfermented must from overripe grapes
43
Q

What are the main varieties of Marsala?

A
  • wh: Grillo, Ansonica, Cattaratto, Damashino

- red: Nero d’Avola, Perricone, Nerello Mascalese

44
Q

Madeira labelled “Finest”?
Style of wine, ageing prior bottling?
Precise the grape

A

Seleccionado style

  • Tinta Negra
  • 3 to 5 years of aged
  • heated via “Estufagem”
  • aged in tank rather than cask

– similar style: “Choice”; “Select”

45
Q

Name the 4 mains soils type of Madeira island? Explain?

A
  • “Saibro”: Decoposed red Tufa
  • “Cascalho”: more Stony soil
  • “Pedra Mole”: Sandy yellow tufa
  • “Masapes”: Clay decomposed black tufa
46
Q

What is the 2 main ageing/cooking process used in Madeira? Explain them quickly?

A

Estufagem: wine is transferred in a tank after fortification, to be warmed up to 45/50°C. Resting time of 3 mth follow, and quick ageing in cask (3 to 5 years often)
Canteiro: Ageing happens all in cask. Wines are left transferred in cask and leave on a warm lobby for a longer time

47
Q

What label regulation are for Colheita Madeira?

A

the word “VINTAGE” can not be used anywhere on the label.

Must be replace by “Harvest” or either “Colheita”
*Aged for a min of 5 years

48
Q

Where can you find the grape variety Listrao?

A

For the production of Madeira.
Authorized grape, slightly grows in Porto Santo island.

– Barros e Sousa make a 5 years old, fruit driving

49
Q

Madeira labelled “Reserve / Reserva”?
Style of wine, ageing prior bottling?
Precise the grape

A
  • Tinta Negra
  • 5 to 10 years of aged
  • Often heated via “Estufagem”
50
Q

Where does the spirit comes from for the fortification of Madeira wines?

A

France

Grape spirit at 95% ABV

51
Q

Who’s colonized the Island of Madeira? When?

A

Henry le Navigateur on the 15th century

British prisoners were the first inhabitant of the island

52
Q

What is Mosto Cotto? where would use it?

A

Marsala DOC - Sicily
Process used for the fortification of Medium sweet wines
= Cooked must
Lower quality wines: “Concia”

53
Q

Residual sugar Marsala DOC?

A

Secco: 0-40 g/L
Semi Secco: 40/100 g/L
Dulce: more than 100 g/L

54
Q

What is “Armazens de Calor”? Explain it?

A

Variant technique of the Esufagem technique in Madeira Island
– Tank room warm up with pipes next to the vat
- more gentle process than the Estufa process
Often use in lower temperature for a longer time (1year)
– Introduced by the Madeira wine company

55
Q

What is a “Vecchio Marsala”?

A

Must met the min req for Marsala Superiore
(Historical term)
- 18% ABV min
- 2 years of ageing in oak ort cherry wood

56
Q

How long time must be aged a Superiore, Marsala?

A

A min of 2 year in oak barrel or either in Cherry wood

57
Q

Why the Madeira wine market decreased vastly on the 19th century?

A

Double damage on the vineyard:

  • Oidium in 1851
  • Phylloxera in 1872

Stronger concurrence of other fortified wine from Spain and Portugal itself

58
Q

Can you organize the 4 main grapes of Madeira in the level of sweetness?

A

Sercial (AKA Escagna Cao)
Verdelho
Boal
Malsmey (Malvasia Candida)

59
Q

What are the last Varieties of Madeira to be harvested?

A

Verdelho and Sercial (Can be as late as October)

= Reach a higher level of ripeness

60
Q

When is the fortification done for the different style/ grapes of Madeira?

A

Malmsey: As soon as the fermentation started
Boal / Verdelho: After 4/5 days once the alcoholic fermentation started
Sercial: Can be done after a mouth of fermentation

61
Q

What is the main variety used for “Rainwater”?

Explain it?

A

A lighter style of Madeira, common and famous in the US.

Verdelho is used for high quality, whereas Tinta Negra is used for cheaper versions.

62
Q

What does mean “Madeira” in Portuguese?

A

Wood - Forest

Name so because of its many trees when has been discovered

63
Q

Madeira labelled “Frasqueira”?
Style of wine, ageing prior bottling?
Precise the grape

A
  • Vintage Madeira aged for a min of 20 years in cask
  • Ageing is often extended in “Demijohn” glass container for decades
  • Can be produce from a single grape of either blend
  • M
64
Q

When did the wine of madeira became fortified?

A

Middle 18 th century.

Due to overflowing stocks, during wars (distillation was necessary to control yields). Wine aged better once fortified

65
Q

What is the second name of Verdelho in Portugal (Mainland)?

A

Gouveio

66
Q

Explain Canteiro process?

A

highest quality Madeira:

  • After the fortification, wines are drawn off to cask side barrels
  • They often start their ageing process on top roof place (were is warmer), then stay in cask for ageing over a few years (can stay up to 100y in best cases)
67
Q

Name the larger vine owner of Madeira?

A

Henrique and Henrique

68
Q

What is the difference between Frasqueira and Colheita Madeira?

A

Both are vintage date Madeira
Colheita: Must be aged for at least 5 years (not bottled prior 31/10/H+5)
Frasqueira: Must be aged for at least 20 years

69
Q

How long time must be aged a Vergine/Solera Superiore or Stravecchio Marsala?

A

A min of 10 year in oak barrel or either in Cherry wood

70
Q

What is “Poios”?

Where?

A

Basalt stone terraces of Madeira

71
Q

What is 3 denomination allow for Marsala DOC?

A 
Marsala Oro (white)
Marsala Ambra (white oxidative)
Marsala Rubino (red)
72
Q

What Grape where grow on the island of Madeira after the Phylloxera Crisis?

A

American Hybrid:

  • Cunningham
  • Jacquet
  • Isabella
73
Q

What is the most important GV on the island of Madeira?

A

Tinta Negra Mole (TNM)
Red grape very versatile.

Mainly grows around: Funchal, Camara de Lobos, San Vincente

74
Q

When did the Oidium heavily affected the island of Madeira?

A

1851

Follow by Phylloxera in 1872

75
Q

What is the minimum alcohol range for Marsala DOC?

A
  • At harvest:
    12% ABV
  • After fortification
    Fine: 17% ABV
    Vergine, Riserva, Superiore, Solera: 18% ABV
76
Q

Name some Historical label indication of Marsala?

A
  • Marsala “Vecchio”: Must met the min req of Marsala Superiore
  • Marsala Fine IP: Italy Partiular
    Marsala Superiore SOM: Superiore Old Marsala (4 years ageing)
  • Marsala Superdiore GD: “Garibaldi Dolce”: a reference to a 19th century general - sweet
  • Marsala Superiore LP: “London Particular”
77
Q

“Vinho da Torno”?

Explain it briefly?

A
  • Extremely Rare Madeira wine
  • Wine went underwent ocean journey across the equator.
  • Traditional historic way, as it was made in the 19th century
    • Shortridge Lawton do produce it (Madeira wine company)
78
Q

What is the sweetness level of most high quality Marsala? Why?

A

Dry (Secco)
Fortification occurs after fermentation
+ Usage of Sifone (Mistelle) or either “Mosto Cotto” (cooked must) are not allowed for Fine, Superiore, Superiore Riserva, Vecchio and Stravecchio

79
Q

Name some producer of Marsala?

A
  • Marco de Bartoli
  • Vito Curatolo Arini
  • Florio
  • Rallo
  • Cantine Pellegrino
80
Q

What American hybrids were grow in Madeira Island on the 19th century?
Why?

A

Cunningham
Jacquet
Isabella

Arrived here after the Oïdium and Phylloxera crisis to ensure production. Not grow anymore

81
Q

What is the name of Inzolia in Marsala DOC?

A

Ansonica (white grape)

82
Q

Madeira labelled “Choice”?
Style of wine, ageing prior bottling?
Precise the grape

A

Seleccionado style

  • Tinta Negra
  • 3 to 5 years of aged
  • heated via “Estufagem”
  • aged in tank rather than cask

– similar style: “Finest”; “Select”

83
Q

What is the name of the Basalt stone terraces of Madeira?

A

Poios

84
Q

What is the climate of Madeira island?

A

Subtropical:

  • Warmer on the south (affected by Sahara winds)
  • Fog can appear on the mountains and northern face
85
Q

When did the dry wine from the island of Madeira received its own DOP?
What is it?

A

Madeirense DOP

1999

86
Q

What is the main differences between a solera in Jerez and Madeira?

A
  • Jerez: Used for any wines
    • Newly made wine is always added to refresh the solera

Madeira:
Use to extend the ageing potential of a particular vintage:
– Wines adds to the solera can often be older than solera itself

87
Q

Madeira labelled “Select”?
Style of wine, ageing prior bottling?
Precise the grape

A

Seleccionado style

  • Tinta Negra
  • 3 to 5 years of aged
  • heated via “Estufagem”
  • aged in tank rather than cask

– similar style: “Choice”; “Finest”

88
Q

“Vinho da Roda”?

Explain it briefly

A
  • Extremely Rare Madeira wine
  • Wine went underwent ocean journey across the equator.
  • Traditional historic way, as it was made in the 19th century
    • Shortridge Lawton do produce it (Madeira wine company)
89
Q

How many growers are in Madeira island? How many Hectares are they sharing?

A

More than 4500 growers

Almost 600 Ha is currently growed

90
Q

How is the vineyard organized and varieties manage over the island of Madeira?

A

Sercial and Verdelho are often grow up slopes, in higher altitude vineyard
Whereas Malmsey and Bual come from lower altitude vineyards.

91
Q

Name the 2 islands created the archipelago of Madeira?

A

Madeira

Porto Santo

92
Q

“Vecchio Samperi”?

Producer, location and particularity?

A

Marco de Bartoli
Iconic producer of Marsala
Unfortifed Vergine Marsala
Release as Vino de Tavola

93
Q

Location of Marsala?

A 
Sicily - Northeast of the island
Trapani Province (from all-region, expect Pantelleria, Alcamo, Favignana
94
Q

Name all style of Madeira for multi-vintage blends?

A
  • Rainwater: Lighter style - 100% Tinta Negra
  • Seleccionado: Btw 3 to 5 years old (“Choice”;”Finest”;”Select”)
  • Reserve: 5 to 10 years old blend
  • Special Reserve: 10 to 15 years of aged
  • Extra Reserve: Madeira with 15 to 20 years of age
  • Age désignation: 5/10/15/20/30/40/over 50 years old
  • Solera: Canteiro method
95
Q

What are the 3 type of Madeira undergoing to an ocean journey to retraced the historical process?

A
  • “Vinho da Volta”
  • “Vinho da Torno”
  • “Vinho da Roda”
96
Q

What are the recommended grapes of Madeira?

A 
Sercial
Verdelho
Boal
Malvasia
Terrantez
Bastardo
Tinta Negra Mole
97
Q

What is Estagio?

A

Happens during the Estufagem process in Madeira
Resting time after the “cooking” period of the wine
WIne must stay in cooler places for 3 mth prior been racked off in barrels

98
Q

Where is the Island of Madeira located?

A

Offshore of Portugal:

600 Km West of Morroco, 1100 Km Southwest of Portugal itself

99
Q

When can be bottle a wine made from an Estufagem process?

A

Madeira

Can be bottled 12 mth after the conclusion of the Estufagem

Master Sommelier (2023 update on the way) (35 decks)

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