fundamentals of chemistry

Question 1

What is matter?

Answer 1

any substance that has mass and occupies space; exists in three forms: solid, liquid, gas

Question 2

What are elements?

Answer 2

building blocks of matter; 96% of our body is carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen

Question 3

What is an atomic number?

Answer 3

number of protons

Question 4

What is the mass number?

Answer 4

number of protons of neutrons

Question 5

What is an isotope?

Answer 5

structural variations of an element; protons are the same but neutrons vary

Question 6

What is the atomic weight?

Answer 6

average weight of all isotopes of an atom

Question 7

What are atoms?

Answer 7

smallest unit of elements; consists of central nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by ring(s) of electrons

Question 8

What are the 3 characteristics of an atom?

Answer 8

1. up to 7 rings/shells/orbitals containing electrons, with maximum allowed per ring
2. valence shell: outermost shell with highest potential energy
3. ion: an atom that has gained or lost electrons; includes salts, electrolytes, minerals

Question 9

What is radioisotopes?

Answer 9

gives off radiation as they decay; can be harmful but also used in medicine

Question 10

What is a chemical bond?

Answer 10

two or more atoms held together and stores potential energy

Question 11

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 11

atoms completely transfer; mostly salts

Question 12

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 12

atoms share electrons

Question 13

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

Answer 13

equal sharing of electrons

Question 14

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 14

unequal sharing of electrons

Question 15

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 15

weak chemical bond involving hydrogen

Question 16

What is energy?

Answer 16

has no mass or space, but gives matter the ability to do work

Question 17

What is kinetic energy?

Answer 17

energy of motion

Question 18

What is potential energy?

Answer 18

stored energy

Question 19

What is the law conservation of energy?

Answer 19

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted

Question 20

What are chemical reactions?

Answer 20

occurs when chemical bonds are formed or broken

Question 21

What is an endergonic?

Answer 21

absorbs energy

Question 22

What is an exergonic?

Answer 22

releases energy

Question 23

What are the types of chemical reactions?

Answer 23

synthesis, decomposition, exchange

Question 24

What is synthesis?

Answer 24

combine small molecules to make larger molecules (a+b=ab)

Question 25

What is anabolic process?

Answer 25

consumes energy to make large molecules

Question 26

What is decomposition?

Answer 26

large molecule breaks into smaller molecules (ab=a+b)

Question 27

What is the catabolic process?

Answer 27

releases energy as it breaks down molecules

Question 28

What is an exchange?

Answer 28

two molecules exchange atoms (ab+cd=ad+cb)

Question 29

What is oxidation - reduction?

Answer 29

electrons exchanged between reactants (cellular respiration)

Question 30

What is temperature?

Answer 30

increase in temp increase reaction rate

Question 31

What is concentration?

Answer 31

higher concentration increases reaction rate

Question 32

What is particle size?

Answer 32

smaller size increases reaction rate

Question 33

What are molecules?

Answer 33

2 or more atoms of the same type of atom (h2, o2, h2o)

Question 34

What are compounds?

Answer 34

2 or more types of atoms bonded together (h2o, nacl, c6h12o6)

Question 35

What is a mixture?

Answer 35

2 or more substances blended together with no chemical changes (sugar water)

Question 36

What is a solution?

Answer 36

one substance dissolved into another

Question 37

What is a solute?

Answer 37

dissolved substance (sugar)

Question 38

What is a solvent?

Answer 38

substance in which a solute is dissolved (water)

Question 39

What is a colloid?

Answer 39

mixture where particles remain permanently mixed with solvent (jello cytosol)

Question 40

What is a suspension?

Answer 40

mixture where particles separate upon standing (ketchup and blood)

Question 41

What are acids and bases?

Answer 41

substances that alter the hydrogen concentration (h+) of a solution

Question 42

What is an acid?

Answer 42

substances that increases the h+ concentration of a solution

Question 43

What is a base?

Answer 43

substance that decreases the h+ concentration of a solution

Question 44

What is a pH scale?

Answer 44

measures h+ concentration

Question 45

What is the pH scale?

Answer 45

pH of 7.0 is neutral, pH less than (<) 7.0 is acidic, pH greater than (>) 7.9 is basic (alkaline)

Question 46

What are buffers?

Answer 46

substances that minimizes h+ charges when acid/base is added

Question 47

What is the pH of human blood?

Answer 47

7.35 to 7.45