Fungi

Question 1

What are some examples that belong to the kingdom of fungi?

Answer 1

1)mushrooms
2)moulds
3)yeast
4)athletes foot
5)ringworm

Question 2

What are the main features of members of kingdom of fungi?

Answer 2

1)Eukaryotic
2)cell walls have chitin (a carbohydrate)
3)reproduce using spores
4)composed of tubular called hyphae

Question 3

What way do fungi get nutrition/food?

Answer 3

Heterotrophic - take food from other organisms ,do not make their own food

Question 4

What are the two types of heterotrophic nutrition?

Answer 4

1)saprophytes
2)parasites

Question 5

How do saprophytes get food?

Answer 5

Feed on dead organic matter

Question 6

How do parasites get food?

Answer 6

Feed on a live host cashing harm

Question 7

Examples of saprophytes in fungi

Answer 7

1)Rhizopus (bread mould)
2)mushrooms

Question 8

Examples of parasites in fungi

Answer 8

1)Athletes foot
2)ringworm

Question 9

Give an advantage of saprophytes organisms/what is the role of saprophytes in nature?

Answer 9

Minerals are released and recycled vital for the environment

Question 10

Give an advantage of parasitic organisms/what is the role of parasites fungi in nature?

Answer 10

Keep population numbers of organism under control

Question 11

What do plants require

Answer 11

Minerals

Question 12

What is a stolon (rhizopus fungus)?

Answer 12

Spreads the fungus along surface of the bread

Question 13

What is a rhizoids (rhizopus fungus)?

Answer 13

1)anchors the fungus
2)releases enzymes to digest the starch and absorb nutrients

Question 14

What is a sporangiophore (rhizopus fungus)

Answer 14

Grows vertically holding sporangium

Question 15

What is a sporangium (rhizopus fungus) ?

Answer 15

Produces and stores the haploid spores for asexual reproduction

Question 16

What are spores ( rhizopus fungus)

Answer 16

Grows in suitable conditions for asexual reproduction

Question 17

What is a columella (rhizopus fungus)

Answer 17

Supports sporangium and feeds spores

Question 18

What is a Apophysis (rhizopus fungus)?

Answer 18

Connects sporangiophore and columella

Question 19

Comment on the mode of nutrition in Rhizopus ?

Answer 19

1)Saprophyte
2)Releases enzyme to digest starch
3)nutrient are absorbed

Question 20

What is the reproduction of the rhizopus?

Answer 20

Asexually and sexually

Question 21

What is the name given to asexual reproduction in the rhizopus?

Answer 21

Sporulation

Question 22

Describe how asexuals reproduction of the rhizopus occurs?

Answer 22

1)haploid spores are produced in sporangium
2)sporangium bursts and releases spores
3)spores land in suitable conditions, then germinate to form new hyphae

Question 23

Describe how sexual reproduction occurs in the rhizopus?

Answer 23

1)opposite strains of rhizopus (+ and -) grow side by side

2)swellings form which nuclei move into forming progametangium

3)cross walls forms, forming gametangium

4)cross wall dissolves, many fertilisations occur forming diploid zygotes

5)zygospore forms, remain dormant and survive adverse conditions

6)zygospore germinates by meiosis

7)new hyphae forms and produce sporangium releasing ,haploid spores which germinate into new haploid rhizopus fungi again

Question 24

What is the function of the gametangium?

Answer 24

Produces gametes during sexual reproduction

Question 25

Give two advantages to rhizopus of zygospore formation?

Answer 25

1)surviving adverse conditions 2)dispersal

Question 26

Give two reasons why yeast is regarded as an exceptional fungus?

Answer 26

1)doesn’t use spores for reproduction 2)unicellular fungus

Question 27

Yeast is an anaerobic fungus. What does that mean?

Answer 27

Absence of oxygen , fermentation then occurs

Question 28

What is the chemical equation for anaerobic fungus?

Answer 28

Yeast Glucose ———> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy (small amount)

Question 29

Why is yeast fermentation used in industry?

Answer 29

Ethanol produce beers and wines

Question 30

What is the name given to the reproduction in yeast?

Answer 30

Budding

Question 31

How does budding in yeast occur?

Answer 31

1)Mitosis occurs in parent cell 2)Bud forms, nucleus and cytoplasm enters 3)bud breaks off from parent cell forming daughter yeast cell

Question 32

What can happen during rapid reproduction of budding in yeast cell?

Answer 32

Buds may not break off and a colony of yeast cells can form

Question 33

What is the experiment for fungus?

Answer 33

Investigate the growth of leaf yeast using agar plates

Question 34

What is the method for the experiment “the growth of leaf yeast using agar plates”?

Answer 34

1)pick leaves from the ash tree, place in sterile plastic bag 2)smear Vaseline inside of the lid of the Petri dish 3)using sterilised forceps attach a leaf to Vaseline 4)set up control without leaf 5)seal with tape and leave lid side up at 25• C for 24 hours 6) turn both plates upside down and leave at 25•C upside down for 3 days

Question 35

What are the results of the fungus experiment using leaf yeast?

Answer 35

1)Experimental plate form pink colonies 2)Control plate has no growth

Question 36

What are leaf yeasts?

Answer 36

Yeast that grows on leaves of certain trees

Question 37

List the precautions you took during the experiment to avoid contamination?

Answer 37

1)leaves in sterile plastic bag 2)disinfectant the bench 3)flame any metal equipment and cool in distilled water 4)petri dishes are opened for as short of a distance and as little as time possible then sealed with tape

Question 38

Why is so much sterilisation essential in this experiment?

Answer 38

Kill any other micro organisms to avoid contamination

Question 39

What is nutrient medium?

Answer 39

Substance rich in nutrients that microorganisms will feed and grow on

Question 40

What nutrient medium was used in the fungi experiment?

Answer 40

Malt agar

Question 41

What is aseptic?

Answer 41

Exclude unwanted pathogens

Question 42

What is sterile?

Answer 42

All microorganisms are excluded

Question 43

What was the plate control in this investigation?

Answer 43

Plate with no leaf

Question 44

What was the precise purpose of a control in this investigation?

Answer 44

A comparison shows the yeast came from the leaves

Question 45

Why were the agar plates left standing lid side up in an incubator for 24 hours?

Answer 45

Allows any leaf yeast to fall onto the malt agar

Question 46

What side of the leaf was facing the agar?

Answer 46

Underside of the leaf, the side the yeast best grows on

Question 47

Why were the agar plates left upside down in an incubator for 3 days?

Answer 47

1)Avoid condensation in the lid 2) condensation could obscure view

Question 48

Comment on the results of this experiment?

Answer 48

1)Containing the leaf grew pink colonies of yeast 2)no leaf had no growth

Question 49

How were the agar plates disposed of?

Answer 49

Disinfectant or and autoclave for 24 hours then into the bin

Question 50

Suggest two reasons why few or no leaf may have grown on the agar

Answer 50

1)time of year (unsuitable temperature) 2)air pollution

Question 51

What are the benefits of the economic importance of fungi?

Answer 51

1)yeast produces alcohol 2)edible 3)makes antibiotics

Question 52

What are the disadvantages of the economic importance of fungi?

Answer 52

1)can cause disease/pathogens 2)poisonous to eat 3)causes food decay (destroys two of paper and crops)

Question 53

What are some edible fungi?

Answer 53

Mushrooms such as chestnut mushrooms

Question 54

What are some poisonous fungi?

Answer 54

Mushrooms such as destroying angel