Human Defence

Question 1

What are pathogens/pathogenic?

Answer 1

Microorganism that cause disease

Question 2

Give exmpled of bacterial pathogens

Answer 2

1)Tetanus
2)syphilis
3)streptococcus

Question 3

Give examples of fungal pathogen?

Answer 3

1)Ringworm
2)Athletes foot

Question 4

Give examples of viral pathogens

Answer 4

1)chicken pox
2)HIV

Question 5

What is the human defence split into?

Answer 5

1)General defence system
2)Specific defence system

Question 6

What is the general defence system?

Answer 6

ALL pathogens

Question 7

What is the specific defence system?

Answer 7

Lymphocytes produce antibodies to target SPECIFIC pathogens

Question 8

What is the first line of defence in human defence?

Answer 8

1)Acid
2)mucous membranes and cilia
3)clotting
4)skin

Question 9

Where is acid found in the human defence system?

Answer 9

1)hydrochloric acid in the stomach
2)lactic acid in the vagina

Question 10

How does acid act in the human defence system?

Answer 10

Low pH of the acid will denature enzymes of pathogens

Question 11

How does mucous membranes and cilia work in the general defence system?

Answer 11

1)trachea in respiratory tract
2)oesophagus in the digestive tract

Question 12

How does mucus and cilia act as a physical barrier?

Answer 12

Trapping pathogens

Question 13

How does clotting act in the general defence system?

Answer 13

Blood clots to prevent pathogens from entering

Question 14

How does skin act in the general defence system?

Answer 14

1)physical barrier
2)harmless bacteria provide competition
3)sebaceous glands secrete sebum killing bacteria

Question 15

Is skin permeable or impermeable?

Answer 15

Impermeable

Question 16

What is the second line of defence system?

Answer 16

1)Monocytes
2)inflammation
3)fever
4)defence proteins

Question 17

How do monocytes/phagocytes work in the second line of defence system ?

Answer 17

Surrounds,engulfs and digests pathogens

Question 18

What are macrophages?

Answer 18

Monocytes/phagocytes that remain fixed in areas such as spleen and appendix

Question 19

What is the function in macrophages?

Answer 19

Pathogens in lymph

Question 20

How does inflammation work in the second line of defence?

Answer 20

1)Infected cells release histamine causing blood vessels to open wider
2)brings more monocytes to area
3)causes redness,swelling, and pain

Question 21

What are antihistamines?

Answer 21

They stop the effect of histamines

Question 22

In what case do you take antihistamines

Answer 22

Taken in the case of allergies

Question 23

How does fever act in the second line of defence

Answer 23

Body temperature rises above 37 degrees making it more difficult for pathogens to reproduce

Question 24

What type of defence proteins are there in the second line of defence?

Answer 24

1)complement proteins
2)interferons

Question 25

What are interferons in the defence proteins?

Answer 25

Cells are more resistant to viral infections

Question 26

What is the second line of defence?

Answer 26

Once pathogens are in the blood

Question 27

What is the first line of defence?

Answer 27

Stops pathogens getting into the blood

Question 29

What are lymphocytes

Answer 29

White Blood cells

Question 30

Where are all lymphocytes produced

Answer 30

Bone marrow

Question 31

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

Answer 31

1)b-cells 2)t-cells

Question 32

Where do B-cells mature?

Answer 32

Bone marrow

Question 33

Where do t-cells mature?

Answer 33

Thymus gland

Question 34

What are the two types of b-cells?

Answer 34

1)Plasma B-cell 2)memory b-cells

Question 35

What are the four types of t-cells

Answer 35

1)Helper T cells 2)killer T-cells 3)suppressor T-cells 4)Memory t-cells

Question 36

What are b-lymphocytes (Plasma B-cells)

Answer 36

White bloods cells that target pathogens by releasing a specific antibodies after antigens are recognised as being foreign

Question 37

What is an antigen?

Answer 37

Foreign molecule on the surface of a pathogen that stimulates B-lymphocytes to produce a specific anti-bodies

Question 38

What is an antibody?

Answer 38

Protein produced by a B-cell in response to recognising an antigen

Question 39

Outline the role of b-cells in disposing the body of a specific pathogens

Answer 39

1)Antigens recognise b-cells and release specific antibody 2)antibodies lock onto antigens and clump pathogens 3)marked for digestions by monocytes

Question 40

The antigen/antibody reaction is a very specific reaction. What does this mean?

Answer 40

1)very precise fit between shape of antigen and antibody 2)each antigen stimulates antibody

Question 41

What is the role of memory b-cells in the human system

Answer 41

1)B-cells that remain in the body after the pathogen has been disposed off 2)same pathogen enters the body memory b-cells produce a large number of antibodies very quickly

Question 42

Explain how adults may not be as susceptible or new infections?

Answer 42

Adults are most likely to have suffered from a similar infection and will have memory b-cells

Question 43

Give two problems associated with the antibody and antigen reaction

Answer 43

1)antibodies against its own tissues 2)allergies

Question 44

What are helper t-cells?

Answer 44

1)Recognise antigens as being foreign 2)stimulate the production of b-cells and killer t-cells

Question 46

What is the role of b-cells I’m the human defence system?

Answer 46

Release specific antibodies

Question 47

What is the role of killer t-cells?

Answer 47

Attack infected body cells (releasing perforin)

Question 48

What are suppressor t-cells

Answer 48

Turn of immune response once pathogen is destroyed (stop b-cells and killer t-cells)

Question 49

What is the role of memory t-b cells

Answer 49

Remain in body and recognise and release antibodies very quickly against the same pathogen if it enters

Question 50

What is induced immunity?

Answer 50

Ability to resist disease

Question 51

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 51

1)Active immunity 2)passive immunity

Question 53

What is active immunity?

Answer 53

Production of a persons own antibodies in response to antigens

Question 54

What are the two types of active immunity?

Answer 54

1)natural 2)artificial

Question 55

What is natural active immunity?

Answer 55

1)A person gets sick b-cells produce a specific antibody 2)B-cells remain in body as memory cells

Question 56

What is artificial active immunity?

Answer 56

1)A person gets a vaccination 2)stimulates b-cell production and release specific antibody 3)lymphocytes remain in body as memory cells

Question 57

What is the duration of active immunity?

Answer 57

1)Long term immunity 2)B-cells remain in body as memory cells 3)same pathogen enters b-cells produce many antibodies very quickly

Question 58

What is a vaccination?

Answer 58

1)Non-disease casing dose of a pathogen 2)Stimulate production of specific antibodies form b-cells 3)b-cells remain as memory cells and person has long term active immunity

Question 59

Who are most at risk of mmr?

Answer 59

Babies under 12 months and unvaccinated people are at most risk

Question 60

Why might people be concerned about getting a vaccine

Answer 60

There is a part of a pathogen

Question 61

What is the point of a booster vaccine?

Answer 61

Strengthens first treatment 1)increasing antibodies 2)more quickly

Question 62

Immunity that results from a vaccination is effectively the same immunity that develops following an infection ?

Answer 62

True 1)both cause b-cells to produce a specific antibody 2)both result in memory cells in body giving long term active immunity

Question 63

What is passive immunity?

Answer 63

Antibodies introduced into the body

Question 64

What are the two types of passive immunity?

Answer 64

Natural and artificial

Question 65

What is natural passive immunity?

Answer 65

Antibodies passed across placenta or breast milk to her baby

Question 66

What is artificial passive immunity?

Answer 66

Person given an injection containing antibodies made from another organism

Question 67

Example of passive artificial immunity

Answer 67

Tetanus injection

Question 68

In what situation are tetanus antibodies given instead of a tetanus vaccine?

Answer 68

1)Person is in Immediate danger 2)Already thought to be infected

Question 69

Why do you think the rabbit population was decimated when the myxoma virus was brought to Ireland?

Answer 69

1)Rabbits have no immunity 2)they did not have b-cells to produce specific antibodies

Question 70

Suggest a reason why the virus is mo longer a major threat to rabbits in related?

Answer 70

1)Rabbits have evolved immunity 2)Have b-cells to produce specific antibodies against the virus

Question 71

HIV and AIDS can decrease human populations true or false?

Answer 71

No- HIV is not decimating propulsion and we understand how to stop the spread of it