Variation, Evolution And Genetic Engineering

Question 1

Define the term species?

Answer 1

Group of organisms which are similar in structure that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 2

Define variation?

Answer 2

Differences which occur between individuals within a population of the same species

Question 3

Name the 2 types of variation?

Answer 3

Genetic and acquired variation

Question 4

State a reason why we are genetically different?

Answer 4

Gametes formed by meiosis as they are not genetically identical

Question 5

What is a mutation?

Answer 5

amount or structure of DNA in a cell

Question 6

What is a mutagen?

Answer 6

Chemical or agent that causes cancer

Question 7

Types of mutations?

Answer 7

Gene mutations (sickle cell anaemia)
Chromosome mutation (Down syndrome)

Question 8

What is genetic screening?

Answer 8

Genetic scanning involves testing persons DNA for the presence of a sense or abnormal or faulty genes

Question 9

What are the advantages of genetic screening?

Answer 9

Give parents time to prepare
Has a role in IVF

Question 10

Give the disadvantages of genetic screening?

Answer 10

More abortions
Medical record history cons lead to discrimination

Question 11

Define evolution?

Answer 11

Living things change genetically by natural selection produce new species over long periods of time

Question 12

Who are the people credited for the theory of evolution?

Answer 12

Darwin and Wallace

Question 13

What observations where made that led to the theory of natural selection?

Answer 13

1.Organisms overbreed
2.Population numbers of species remain the same
3.Genetic variation exists

Question 14

Outline the theory of natural selection

Answer 14

-Not all organisms survive there must be competition cause of scarce resources
-Genetic variation exists and organism better adapt to environment making more likely to survive to the reproduce more offspring with beneficial traits
-long periods of time more new species

Question 15

Name one pieces of evidence that evolution took place?

Answer 15

Fossils

Question 16

Describe how fossils show evidence for evolution?

Answer 16

Older fossils show many changes then modern fossils
Modern fossils have increased complexity
Liked to environmental change

Question 17

Define genetic engineering?

Answer 17

Artificial manipulation and alternation of genes

Question 18

Give 3 applications of genetic engineering

Answer 18

Microorganisms, Plants and animals

Question 19

How are microorganism part of genetic engineering?

Answer 19

Genetically modified bacteria can produce insulin for diabetics

Question 20

How are plants part of genetic engineering?

Answer 20

Genetically modified crops resistant to weed killer

Question 21

How are animals part of genetic engineering?

Answer 21

Sheep can produce a blood clotting factor for haemophiliacs

Question 22

Name the 5 stages of genetic engineering

Answer 22

1.Isolation
2.Cutting/restrictions
3.Insertion/ligation
4.Transformation
5.Expression

Question 23

What occurs in isolation?

Answer 23

Chromosome containing desired gene extracted (the plasmid is extracted from a bacterium cell)

Question 24

What occurs in cutting/restriction?

Answer 24

Plasmid desired gene is cut with the same restriction enzyme

Question 25

What occurs in insertion/ligation?

Answer 25

Insulin in desired gene is inserted into the plasmid loop DNA ligase enzyme is used to join the sticky ends and forms a recombinant DNA

Question 26

What occurs in transformation?

Answer 26

Recombinant DNA is placed back into a bacterium a new base sequence which multiply rapidly in a bioreactor

Question 27

What occurs in expression?

Answer 27

Produced,isolated and purified

Question 28

What is a plasmid loop?

Answer 28

Circular loop of DNA found in some bacteria cells is widely used in genetic engineering

Question 29

Use of plasmids in genetic engineering?

Answer 29

Used as vectors, carry the desired gene in to bacteria or organism being genetically modified

Question 30

Give the advantages of genetic engineering?

Answer 30

1.Insulin for diabetics 2.weed killer resistant crops 3.produce blood clotting factor for haemophiliacs

Question 31

Give the disadvantages of genetic engineering

Answer 31

1.welfare of genetically modified animals 2.vegetarians eating plants with animals genes 3.weeds could obtain weed killer resistant gene (uncontrollable growth of weeds)