Nucleic Acids

Question 1

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

What does RNA stand for?

Answer 2

Ribonucleic acid

Question 3

What shape is DNA?

Answer 3

Double helix shape

Question 4

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 4

One phosphate group
One deoxyribose sugars
One nitrogenous base

Question 5

Name two types of nitrogenous bases

Answer 5

Purines and pyrimidines

Question 6

What nitrogenous bases are in purines?

Answer 6

Adenine and guanine

Question 7

Name the nitrogenous bases for pyrimidines

Answer 7

Thymine and cystosine

Question 8

What are complementary base pairs?

Answer 8

Two corresponding bases that are linked together

Question 9

How are complementary base pairs linked together?

Answer 9

Hydrogen bonding

Question 10

Which bases in DNA are complimentary?

Answer 10

Adenine and thymine
Guanine and cytosine

Question 11

State the occurrences that happen in DNA replication?

Answer 11

1.Enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds and the DNA double helix unwinds
2.Free DNA nucleotides link up complimentary to each exposed strand
The new DNA nucleotides are joined together by DNA polymerase
3. Each new exposed strand winds up into a double helix

Question 12

What’s the importance of DNA replication?

Answer 12

Essential for mitosis to occur

Question 13

What is DNA profiling?

Answer 13

Method of making a unique pattern of bands from DNA that can be distinguished from other DNA

Question 14

Outline the stages involved in DNA profiling(genetic fingerprinting)?

Answer 14

1.The DNA is extracted from a sample of cells
2.Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into restriction fragments which are different length for different people
3.The restriction fragments are separated according to size by a process called gel electrophoresis
4.the sample is viewed under ultra violent rays and analysed each pattern of bands are unique to every person

Question 15

What do restriction enzymes work?

Answer 15

Cut DNA at specific base sequences

Question 16

Outline gel electrophoresis

Answer 16

1.The restriction fragments are placed into a tank containing gel
2.An electric current is passed through and the DNA fragments are attracted to one end of the tank
3.The small fragments move through the gel further than the large fragments
4.Results in a series of bands

Question 17

Give 2 examples of DNA profiling

Answer 17

Crime and medical

Question 18

What is a gene?

Answer 18

Is a section of DNA containing the code for the formation of protein

Question 19

What are proteins made of?

Answer 19

Amino acids

Question 20

How many common amino acids are found in proteins

Answer 20

20

Question 21

Give examples of protein

Answer 21

Hair,skin,muscles

Question 22

Give examples of metabolic proteins

Answer 22

Enzymes and antibodies

Question 23

How does the genetic code make protein?

Answer 23

1.In a gene a sequence of three nitrogenous bases is known as a triplet/codon
2.Each triplet is a gene is the instruction for a certain amino acid
3.A complete gene has many triplets and codes for many amino acids which assemble into a protein

Question 24

What is a triplet/codon?

Answer 24

Sequence of three nitrogenous bases in a gene

Question 25

What is a genome?

Answer 25

Complete set of genes in a cell, determines the characteristics of an organism

Question 26

What is coding DNA?

Answer 26

DNA with genetic instructions to produce a protein

Question 27

What is non-coding DNA?

Answer 27

DNA with the genetic instructions that does not produce a protein

Question 28

What does RNA do?

Answer 28

Molecule that copies DNAs genetic code allowing protein to be made

Question 29

What sugar does RNA have?

Answer 29

Sugar ribose

Question 30

What sugar does DNA have?

Answer 30

Deoxyribose

Question 31

Where is RNA found?

Answer 31

Cytoplasm to the ribosome

Question 32

Where is DNA found?

Answer 32

Nucleus

Question 33

What bases does RNA have?

Answer 33

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

Question 34

What’s bases does DNA have?

Answer 34

Adenine, guanine,cytosine and thymine

Question 35

Outline how to isolate DNA from a plant tissue

Answer 35

1.Chop an onion into very small pieces add salt,washing up liquid and water 2.Place beaker into a water bath for 15 minutes at 60 degrees followed by an ice bath for 5 minutes 3.Pour mixture into a food blender and blend for 3 seconds.Then pour through a coffee filter paper 4.pour into a test tube,add 4 drops of the protease enzyme, pepsin 5.Tilt test tube at an angle and carefully add freezer cold ethanol down the side

Question 36

What forms on the water-ethical border?

Answer 36

White strands of DNA precipitate out

Question 37

Why was the onion chopped up into small pieces

Answer 37

To increase surface area so it’s easier to break down the structure of the onion cell to release DNA

Question 38

What’s the purpose of adding sodium chloride (salt)

Answer 38

Causes DNA to clump together

Question 39

What’s the purpose in adding washing up liquid?

Answer 39

Breaks down the cell membrane

Question 40

Why was the beaker placed in a water bath at 60 degrees and for 15 minutes?

Answer 40

Denature enzymes that could destroy the DNA

Question 41

Why was the mixture placed in an ice bath for 5 minutes/ why not more then 15 minutes in a hot bath?

Answer 41

The avoid the DNA itself breaking down

Question 42

Why was the mixture blended?

Answer 42

Shred the onion cell wall

Question 43

Why was the mixture blended for no more then 3 seconds?

Answer 43

Avoid the DNA itself shredding

Question 44

Why was the mixture filtered?

Answer 44

Remove unwanted parts from the mixture, therefore DNA will pass through

Question 45

Why was coffee filter paper used?

Answer 45

Pore of a laboratory filter paper used it would take too long to filtrate, coffee filtrate paper is faster

Question 46

What is a protease?

Answer 46

Enzyme that breaks down protein

Question 47

Why were 4 drops of this enzyme added to the onion filtrate?

Answer 47

Break down protein around the DNA

Question 48

How was the ethanol added?

Answer 48

Slowly down the side of the tilted test tube

Question 49

Why was freezer cold ethanol added?

Answer 49

DNA doesn’t dissolve in freezer cold ethanol.

Question 50

Why may a glass rod be used to look at DNA?

Answer 50

Become more visible to see