Gait cycle

Question 1

what happens in the body in the standing position?

Answer 1

errector spinae
iliopsoas
triceps surae
feet slightly splayed 
hips and knees extended 
ligaments taught

Question 2

what does the iliotibial band do?

Answer 2

locks knee in hyperextension
rigid support pillar
stabilises knee extension and partial flexion in walking and running

Question 3

what locks the knee in hyperextension?

Answer 3

iliotibial band

Question 4

what does the popliteus do?

Answer 4

unlocks knee
lateral rotation of femur during stance
medially rotates tibia in swing
posterior pull on lateral meniscus preventing crushing in knee flexion

Question 5

what are the phases of the gait cycle?

Answer 5

stance and swing phases

Question 6

What is the stance phase?

Answer 6

60% of the gait cycle

divided into heel strike, support and toe-off

Question 7

what is the swing phase?

Answer 7

40% cycle

divided into leg lift and swing

Question 8

examples of pathological gaits?

Answer 8

trendelenberg
foot drop
spastic paresis
hemiplegic
parkinson's 
choreiform
antalgic

Question 9

ataxic gait

Answer 9

caused be damage to cerebellum
uncoordinated 
unsteady 
staggering
wide based

Question 10

foot drop

Answer 10

hard to make heel strike

non controlled slap

Question 11

hemiplegic gait

Answer 11

leg too long 
extension and internal rotation
compensated by circumduction
upper limb involvement
should adduction
flexion elbow 
pronation of wrist

Question 12

parkinsonian gait

Answer 12

hypokinetic - difficulty initiating
small shuffling steps
progressive increase in speed
hurrying 
difficulty stopping and turning
stooped posture
tremor

Question 13

spastic paresis

Answer 13

cerebral palsy
flexion of hips and knees 
adduction of hips
ankles plantarflexed and internally rotated 
paralysis of dorsiflexors
toe walking
swinging gait 
tightness of adductors - scissoring 
upper limbs involved

Question 14

limb too long gait

Answer 14

foot drop
pelvic tilt
paralysis/ contraction of soleus
waddling 
swing out - abduction
high stepping - extra hip and knee flexion

Question 15

pes planus

Answer 15

flat foot

arch collapse

Question 16

shin splints

Answer 16

anterior shin pain

compartment syndrome or stress fracture

Question 17

ITB syndrome

Answer 17

long distance runners - overuse

causing pain on lateral side of knee

Question 18

jumpers knee

Answer 18

inferior patella pain

Question 19

heel strike

Answer 19

foot hits the ground - heel first

involves 3 muscles

Question 20

what muscles are involved in heel strike?

Answer 20

gluteus maximus
quadriceps femoris
anterior compartment of the leg

Question 21

role of gluteus maximus in heel-strike

Answer 21

acts on hip to decelerate forward motion of lower limb

Question 22

role of quadriceps femoris in heel-strike

Answer 22

keeps the leg extended at knee and thigh flexed at hip

Question 23

role of anterior compartment of leg in heel-strike

Answer 23

maintains ankle dorsiflexed

which is the position of heel strike

Question 24

support

Answer 24

after heel-strike the rest of the foot hits the ground and muscles work to cope with the force passing through the leg

Question 25

what muscles are involved in support?

Answer 25

quadriceps femoris foot inverters and everters gluteus minimus, medius and tensor fascia lata

Question 26

role of quadriceps femoris in support

Answer 26

keep the thigh extended accepting the weight of the body

Question 27

role of foot inverters and everters in support

Answer 27

contract in balanced manner to stabilise the foot

Question 28

toe off

Answer 28

foot prepares to leave the ground - heel first

Question 29

what muscles are involved in toe-off?

Answer 29

hamstring muscles quadriceps femoris posterior compartment of leg

Question 30

role of hamstring muscles in toe-off

Answer 30

extends thigh at hip

Question 31

role of quadriceps femoris in toe-off?

Answer 31

maintains extension of knee

Question 32

role of posterior compartment of leg in toe off

Answer 32

plantarflexes ankle - gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis posterior

Question 33

leg lift

Answer 33

once the foot has left the ground the lower limb is raised in preparation for swing

Question 34

what muscles are involved in leg lift?

Answer 34

iliopsoas and rectus femoris hamstring muscles anterior compartment of leg

Question 35

role of iliopsoas and rectus femoris in leg lift

Answer 35

flexes thigh at hip, driving the knee forwards

Question 36

role of hamstring muscles in leg lift

Answer 36

flexes leg at knee joint

Question 37

role of anterior compartment of leg in leg lift

Answer 37

dorsiflexes ankle

Question 38

swing

Answer 38

the raised leg is propelled forward

Question 39

what muscles are involved in swing?

Answer 39

iliopsoas and rectus femoris quadriceps femoris anterior compartment of leg

Question 40

role of ilipsoas and rectus femoris in swing

Answer 40

keep thigh flexed at hip

Question 41

role of quadriceps femoris in swing

Answer 41

extends leg at knee, positioning the foot for landing

Question 42

role of anterior compartment of the leg in swing

Answer 42

maintains ankle dorsiflexion so heel is in place for landing

Question 43

what can cause foot drop and why

Answer 43

fracture or trauma to head of fibula as the common fibular nerve wraps around the fibula head

Question 44

choreiform

Answer 44

irregular jerky involuntary movements

Question 45

antalgic gait

Answer 45

results from pain on weight bearing | shortened stance phase

Question 46

what causes slapping gait?

Answer 46

foot drop

Question 47

what is a sprain?

Answer 47

injury to a ligament

Question 48

what is a strain?

Answer 48

injury to muscle or tendon