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physiology > gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

27: processing of food steps

A 
motility 
secretion 
digestion 
absorption 
excretion
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2
Q

27: three key stages of gut regulation

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

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3
Q

27: saliva functions

A

lubrication
digestion (amylase, R proteins)
solution
protection

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4
Q

27: salivary glands (3)

A

parotid - shroud, amylase
sublingual/submandibular
minor glands

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5
Q

27: salivary gland structure - acinus

A

primary secretion
isotonic
plasma like

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6
Q

27: salivary gland structure - duct

A

secondary modification

low h20 permeability

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7
Q

27: saliva fluid secretion- primary fluid

A

isotonic

plasma like

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8
Q

27: saliva fluid secretion- secondary ductal modification

A

na+ and cl- reabsorption

k+ and HCO3- secretion

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9
Q

27: saliva fluid secretion - final saliva

A

hypotonic

HCO3 - rich

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10
Q

27: control of salivation - cephalic phase

A
  • sight
  • smell
  • taste
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11
Q

27: control of salivation - parasympathetic(cholinergic)

A
  • cranial nerves VII and IX

- large volume

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12
Q

27: stomach - gastric functions

A

digestion
control gastric emptying
protection

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13
Q

27: what is SA of the stomach increased by

A

gastric pits

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14
Q

27: composition of gastric juice

A
  • HCL
  • pepsinogen to pepsin
  • mucus and bicarbonate
  • intrinsic factor
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15
Q

27: parietal cells secretion, stimulus and function

A

secretion - gastric acid (HCL)
stimulus - acetylcholine, gastrin, histamine
function - kills bacteria, denatures protein, activates pepsin

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16
Q

27: chief cells secretion, stimulus and function

A

secretion - pepsin, gastric lipase
stimulus - acetylcholine
function digest protein (p) and fats (gl)

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17
Q

27: ph at which pepsin is inactivated and denatured

A

pepsin inactivated at >ph3.5

denatured at >ph7.2

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18
Q

27: g cells secretion, stimulus and function

A

secretion - gastrin
stimulus - acetylcholine, peptides and aa
function - stimulate gastric acid secretion

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19
Q

27: d cells secretion, stimulus and function

A

secretion - somatostatin
stimulus - acid in stomach
function - inhibition of gastric acid secretion

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20
Q

27: enterochromaffin like cells (ECL) secretion, stimulus, function

A

secretion - histamine
stimulus - acetylcholine, gastrin
function - stimulates gastric acid secretion

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21
Q

27: cephalic phase - vagal efferent nerves

A

direct effect
histamine release
gastrin release

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22
Q

27: control mechanisms - gastric phase

A

good in stomach
gastrin releases
negative feedback inhibition

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23
Q

27: control mechanisms - intestinal phase

A

inhibitory

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24
Q

28: pancreatic juice - where is primary secretion from

A

acing cells

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25
Q

28: pancreatic enzyme - carbohydrate digestion

A

amylolytic

- amylase

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26
Q

28: pancreatic enzyme - protein digestion

A

proteolytic

- trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase

27
Q

28: pancreatic enzyme - nuclei acid digestion

A

nucleoltyic

- DNAse, RNAse

28
Q

28: pancreatic proteases

A

secreted as zymogens

29
Q

28: pancreatic proteases - trypsin inhibitor

A

block activity of trypsin

30
Q

28: pancreatic HCO3- secretion: acing cell primary secretion

A

isotonic NaCl secretion

31
Q

28: where is HCO3 - secreted form

A

pancreatic duct cell

32
Q

28: rustic fibrosis - lacking channel

A

CFTR

33
Q

28: pancreatic secretion - secretion

A
  • duodenal S cells

- increase HCO3 - rich secretion

34
Q

28: pancreatic secretion - cholecystokinin pancreozymin

A
  • duodenal I cells

- stimulate gall bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

35
Q

28: pancreatic secretion - neural (vagus)

A

stimulate acinar cells and duct cells

36
Q

28: bile functions

A

eliminate waste product s

promote lipid digestion and absorption

37
Q

28: bile lipids

A

bile acids
phospholipids
cholesterol

38
Q

28: bile pigments

A

bilirubin

39
Q

28: bile acids - primary

A

liver synthesis from cholesterol

40
Q

28: bile acids - conjugation

A

conjugation to amino acids

increases solubility

41
Q

28: why do biles last coat lipids

A

emulsions

42
Q

28: emulsification of dietary lipids increases …

A

SA exposed to lipases which promotes digestion

43
Q

28: functions of gall bladder

A

concentrates bile
absorbs electrolytes
isotonic

44
Q

28: control of binary secretion - ductal

A

secretin

45
Q

28: control of biliary secretion - gall bladder contraction

A

CCK

ACH (vagal nerves)

46
Q

28: gallstones result of

A

failure to keep cholesterol in solution

47
Q

29: 3 sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

48
Q

29: small intestine electrolyte absorption

A

NaCl

49
Q

29: small intestine secretion

A

fluid
NaCl
Crypts

50
Q

29: luminal digestion of starch type polysaccharides

A

amylases

51
Q

29: where are monosaccharides absorbed

A

small intestine

52
Q

29: polysaccarides - enzymes - digestion products

A

starch + glycogen - amylase - dextrins

cellulose - colonic bacteria - organic acids/gas

53
Q

29: disaccharides - enzymes - digestion products

A

sucrose - sucrase - glucose + fructose
lactose - lactase - glucose + galactose
maltose - maltase - glucose + glucose

54
Q

29: carbohydrate absorption at apical membrane

A

SGLT1 (glucose and galactose via secondary active transport)
GLUT (fructose via facilitated diffusion)

55
Q

29: carbohydrate absorption at basolateral membrane

A

GLUT2 via facilitated diffusion

56
Q

29: luminal digestion by

A

gastric and pancreatic proteases

57
Q

29: protein digestion - gastric pepsin

A

endopeptidase

58
Q

29: protein digestion - pancreatic peptidases

A

endopeptidases and exopeptidase

59
Q

29:protein digestion - membrane and systolic peptidases

A

endo, exo or dipeptidases

60
Q

29: amino acid absorption - types of amino acid transporters

A

neutral
cationic
anionic

61
Q

29: dietary lipids

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
short chain fatty acids

62
Q

29: lipid digestion stages

A
  • emulsification

- digestion (gastric/pancreatic enzymes/colipase)

63
Q

29: lipid absorption

A

diffusion down gradient

driven by resterifictaion of fattya acids to triglycerides

physiology (7 decks)

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