gastrointestinal system Flashcards by Stephy Thomas

27: processing of food steps

motility 
secretion 
digestion 
absorption 
excretion

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27: three key stages of gut regulation

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

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27: saliva functions

lubrication
digestion (amylase, R proteins)
solution
protection

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27: salivary glands (3)

parotid - shroud, amylase
sublingual/submandibular
minor glands

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27: salivary gland structure - acinus

primary secretion
isotonic
plasma like

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27: salivary gland structure - duct

secondary modification

low h20 permeability

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27: saliva fluid secretion- primary fluid

isotonic

plasma like

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27: saliva fluid secretion- secondary ductal modification

na+ and cl- reabsorption

k+ and HCO3- secretion

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27: saliva fluid secretion - final saliva

hypotonic

HCO3 - rich

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27: control of salivation - cephalic phase

sight
smell
taste

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27: control of salivation - parasympathetic(cholinergic)

cranial nerves VII and IX

- large volume

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27: stomach - gastric functions

digestion
control gastric emptying
protection

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27: what is SA of the stomach increased by

gastric pits

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27: composition of gastric juice

HCL
pepsinogen to pepsin
mucus and bicarbonate
intrinsic factor

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27: parietal cells secretion, stimulus and function

secretion - gastric acid (HCL)
stimulus - acetylcholine, gastrin, histamine
function - kills bacteria, denatures protein, activates pepsin

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27: chief cells secretion, stimulus and function

secretion - pepsin, gastric lipase
stimulus - acetylcholine
function digest protein (p) and fats (gl)

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27: ph at which pepsin is inactivated and denatured

pepsin inactivated at >ph3.5

denatured at >ph7.2

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27: g cells secretion, stimulus and function

secretion - gastrin
stimulus - acetylcholine, peptides and aa
function - stimulate gastric acid secretion

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27: d cells secretion, stimulus and function

secretion - somatostatin
stimulus - acid in stomach
function - inhibition of gastric acid secretion

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27: enterochromaffin like cells (ECL) secretion, stimulus, function

secretion - histamine
stimulus - acetylcholine, gastrin
function - stimulates gastric acid secretion

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27: cephalic phase - vagal efferent nerves

direct effect
histamine release
gastrin release

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27: control mechanisms - gastric phase

good in stomach
gastrin releases
negative feedback inhibition

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27: control mechanisms - intestinal phase

inhibitory

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28: pancreatic juice - where is primary secretion from

acing cells

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28: pancreatic enzyme - carbohydrate digestion

amylolytic | - amylase

28: pancreatic enzyme - protein digestion

proteolytic | - trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase

28: pancreatic enzyme - nuclei acid digestion

nucleoltyic | - DNAse, RNAse

28: pancreatic proteases

secreted as zymogens

28: pancreatic proteases - trypsin inhibitor

block activity of trypsin

28: pancreatic HCO3- secretion: acing cell primary secretion

isotonic NaCl secretion

28: where is HCO3 - secreted form

pancreatic duct cell

28: rustic fibrosis - lacking channel

CFTR

28: pancreatic secretion - secretion

- duodenal S cells | - increase HCO3 - rich secretion

28: pancreatic secretion - cholecystokinin pancreozymin

- duodenal I cells | - stimulate gall bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

28: pancreatic secretion - neural (vagus)

stimulate acinar cells and duct cells

28: bile functions

eliminate waste product s | promote lipid digestion and absorption

28: bile lipids

bile acids phospholipids cholesterol

28: bile pigments

bilirubin

28: bile acids - primary

liver synthesis from cholesterol

28: bile acids - conjugation

conjugation to amino acids | increases solubility

28: why do biles last coat lipids

emulsions

28: emulsification of dietary lipids increases ...

SA exposed to lipases which promotes digestion

28: functions of gall bladder

concentrates bile absorbs electrolytes isotonic

28: control of binary secretion - ductal

secretin

28: control of biliary secretion - gall bladder contraction

CCK | ACH (vagal nerves)

28: gallstones result of

failure to keep cholesterol in solution

29: 3 sections of the small intestine

duodenum jejunum ileum

29: small intestine electrolyte absorption

NaCl

29: small intestine secretion

fluid NaCl Crypts

29: luminal digestion of starch type polysaccharides

amylases

29: where are monosaccharides absorbed

small intestine

29: polysaccarides - enzymes - digestion products

starch + glycogen - amylase - dextrins | cellulose - colonic bacteria - organic acids/gas

29: disaccharides - enzymes - digestion products

sucrose - sucrase - glucose + fructose lactose - lactase - glucose + galactose maltose - maltase - glucose + glucose

29: carbohydrate absorption at apical membrane

SGLT1 (glucose and galactose via secondary active transport) GLUT (fructose via facilitated diffusion)

29: carbohydrate absorption at basolateral membrane

GLUT2 via facilitated diffusion

29: luminal digestion by

gastric and pancreatic proteases

29: protein digestion - gastric pepsin

endopeptidase

29: protein digestion - pancreatic peptidases

endopeptidases and exopeptidase

29:protein digestion - membrane and systolic peptidases

endo, exo or dipeptidases

29: amino acid absorption - types of amino acid transporters

neutral cationic anionic

29: dietary lipids

triglycerides phospholipids short chain fatty acids

29: lipid digestion stages

- emulsification | - digestion (gastric/pancreatic enzymes/colipase)

29: lipid absorption

diffusion down gradient | driven by resterifictaion of fattya acids to triglycerides