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nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

21: 3 subdivisions of somatosensory system

A 
cutaneous sensations (skin) 
visceral (internal organs) 
proprioception (limbs in body)
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2
Q

21: action potential initiation

A

receptor potential exceeds threshold

nerve fibre fires a.p.

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3
Q

21: sensory transduction - steps

A
  1. receptor potentila
  2. integration at trigger zone
  3. a.p
  4. neurotransmitter release
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4
Q

21: cutaneous skin receptors

A 
superficial 
merkels disk 
epidermal dermal border 
free nerve ending 
messiers corpuscle 
deep
pacinian corpuscle 
ruffians corpuscle
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5
Q

21: receptive field

A

area over which stimulus activates receptor

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6
Q

21: receptive field - eye

A

retina

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7
Q

21: receptor adaptation - rapidly adapting receptor vs slowly adapting receptor

A

rapid = neuron stop firing a.p even though stimulus is maintained
slow - nerve continues firing a.p throughout stimulus

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8
Q

21: rapid adaptation of pacinian corpuscle when capsule is present vs when its removed

A

present - rapid adaptation of receptor potential

removed - less adaptation of receptor potential, adaptation eliminated

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9
Q

21: temperature receptors - warm vs cold

A

warm - C fibres

cold - Asigma

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10
Q

21: 2 pathways that transmit cutaneous signals to the brain

A

dorsal column pathway (DC)

spinothalamic tract pathway (STT)

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11
Q

21: where are cell bodies of primary sensory nerve fibres found

A

dorsal root ganglion

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12
Q

21: where do fibres enter

A

spinal cord at dorsal root

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13
Q

21: dorsal column pathway

A
  • first synapse - dorsal column nuclei in medulla
  • pathway crosses over (left to right cortex and right to left cortex)
  • feedback to motor systems
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14
Q

21: forsal column pathway - carries information about

A

stimuli moving over skin

recognition of objects

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15
Q

21: connections of the spinothalamic tract (STT)

A

spinothalamic pathway crosses over with spinal cord and travels up spinal cord in thalamus

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16
Q

21: what does the STT carry information about

A

coarse touch
temperature
nociception painful stimuli

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17
Q

21: body region with largest area of representation on somatosensory cortex

A

hands and face

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18
Q

21: muscle spindles respond to

A

muscle stretch

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19
Q

21: golgi tendons respond to

A

muscle tension

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20
Q

22: muscle coordination - flexion

A

contract flexors and relax extensors

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21
Q

22: muscle coordination - extension

A

contract extensors and relax flexors

22
Q

22: muscle coordination - synergists

A

muscles that pull in the same direction

23
Q

22: muscle coordination - antagonists

A

muscles that pull In the opposite direction

24
Q

22: muscle coordination - e.g of synergists sand anatagonists

A

synergists - brachialis + biceps

antagonists - biceps and triceps

25
22: single motoneuron can innervate several muscle fibres - large motor unit
- each motorneuron innervates many muscle fibres | - strong force
26
22: single motoneuron can innervate several muscle fibres - small motor unit
- each motoneuron innervating a few fibres - fine control - lots in finger muscles
27
22: 3 sources of input of motor neurones
upper motor neurones (command + control, voluntary movement) interneurones in spinal cord (excitatory + inhibitory) receptors - muscle spindles and golgi tendons
28
22: response of muscle spindle to stretch - what happens when the muscle contracts
spindle is unloaded so it ceases to fire
29
22: muscle spindles + golgi tendon - innervated by (supply with nerves)
ms - 1a afferents that go to spinal cord | gt - 1b nerve afferents that go to spinal cord
30
22: muscle spindles - gamma motor neurones
contract intrafusal fibres
31
22: 3 types of movement
``` reflex - involuntary - initiated by external stimuli voluntary - conscious - may be learned rhythmic - initiated + terminated by conscious control ```
32
22: reflex movement - origin
spinal | cranial
33
22: afferent and efferent pathway in a knee jerk reflex
afferent - a.p through sensory neurones efferent - somatic motor neuron efferent 2 - interneuron inhibiting somatic motor neuron
34
22: voluntary control of movement - what do pathways from the brain control
motor neurons in spinal cord
35
22: voluntary control of movement - Brain areas involved in voluntary movement
cerebral cortex - plan, coordinate and initiate basal ganglia - plan and select movements cerebellum - fine tunes movement
36
23: sound
longitudinal pressure wave travelling through air or other medium
37
23: what is sound defined by
frequency (Hertz) | amplitude (deciBels)
38
23: the outer ear
- pinna - sound gathered by orientation - externalisation of sounds - sound perceived inside head - localisation of sounds in vertical plane - sound waves interfere on surface of pinna
39
23: middle ear - consequence of unequal pressure across tympanic membrane
impaired hearing
40
23: why do we need the middle ear
- without it there would be a poor transfer of energy from air to cochlear fluid - impedance transformer
41
23: function of middle ear
- overcomes air - fluid mismatch | - force on tympanic membrane = increases pressure
42
23: small processes at the end of inner hair cells of human ears
- process called stereocilia | - bend in response to pressure changes
43
23: what happens when sound enters cochlea
- basilar membrane vibrates - waves travelling up - displacement of basilar membrane excites hair cells
44
23: cochlea - low frequencies vs high
low - maximal displacement at apex of cochlea | high - maximal displacement at the base
45
23: stereo cilia bending towards longest vs shortest
entry of k+ - no entry | depolarisation, ca2+ entry - hyperpolaristaion
46
23: activation of hair cells - movement of basilar membrane + interaction with tectorial membrane
causes bending of stereo cilia of inner + outer cells
47
23: activation of hair cells - inner hair cells only
release neurotransmitter | activate cochlear nerve fibres associated with hair cell
48
23: outer hair cells
- shorten + lengthen | - inject energy and amplify basilar membrane
49
23: outer hair cells - what is it driven by
motor protein in OHC membrane - prestin
50
23: outer hair cells - elongation and shortening of outer hair cells results in
increased displacement of basilar membrane which enhances hearing sensitivity nf frequency selectivity

physiology (7 decks)

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