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physiology > nervous sytem 2 > Flashcards

nervous sytem 2 Flashcards

1
Q

24: tonotopic organisation

A

starts at cochlea and sends information about sound to the Brain

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2
Q

24: coding sound frequency - place code

A

auditory system keeping track of where info originated

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3
Q

24: coding sound frequency - time code

A

firing a.p in auditory nerve fibres which synchronise with peaks of sound wave form

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4
Q

24: auditory pathway - what does the auditory nerve connect to

A

connects cochlea to brain

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5
Q

24: first synapse in auditory pathway

A

cochlear nucleus

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6
Q

24: auditory pathway - midbrain auditory centre

A

inferior colliculus

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7
Q

24: auditory pathway - thalamic auditory nucleus

A

medial geniculate body

(major synaptic stations in the pathways for information reaching auditory areas of cerebral cortex.)

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8
Q

24: auditory pathway - temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex

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9
Q

24: sound localisation - vertical plank vs horizontal

A

vertical - interactions of sound on the pinna (outer ear)

horizontal - interaural (between ears) differences in sound wave timing and intensity

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10
Q

24: patients with little/ no cochlear function - activation (how?)

A

electrical activation of cochlear nerve fibres by electrode arrays in the cochlea

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11
Q

24: cochlear implant (bionic ear) - induction coil

A

transmits signals across scalp and skull to implanted receiver

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12
Q

24: cochlear implant (bionic ear) - microphone and processor

A

converts sound to electrical pulses

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13
Q

24: cochlear implant (bionic ear) - electrode array in cochlea

A

activates nerve fibres arranged in frequency (high to low)

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14
Q

25: eye - the cornea

A

refracts light to bring it into focus on the retina

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15
Q

25: eye - lens

A
  • responsible for accommodation

- adjust refractive properties to ensure objects are in focus

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16
Q

25: eye - iris

A
  • pigment determines eye colour

- muscles controlled by autonomic ns adjusts pupil diameter according to light levels + emotional signals

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17
Q

25: eye - pupil

A

opening in centre of iris allows light entry

18
Q

25: eye - retina

A

layer at back of eye

e.g photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, nerve fibres

19
Q

25: eye - what happens as object is brought near to the eye

A

light rays need to be bent more to keep object in focus

20
Q

25: eye - focal length when lens is rounder

A

shorter focal length

21
Q

25: eye - role of ciliary muscles (distant vision vs near)

A

distant - less flattened for distant vision

near - rounded

22
Q

25: contraction of ciliary muscles

A
  • allows Zonule of Zinn, to slacken
  • lens expands
  • lens more rounded
23
Q

25: emmetropic eye

A

focus light from a distant object on to retina

24
Q

25: myopia

A

short sighted

25
Q

25: myopic eye

A
  • too much focal power for its length
  • lights rays converge infront of retina
  • cannot focus on distant objects
26
Q

25: hyperopia

A

long sighted

27
Q

25: hyperopic eye

A
  • too little focal power for its length
  • light rays converge behind retina
  • cannot focus on close objects
28
Q

26: when its dark what do photoreceptors release

A

glutamate

29
Q

26: retinal ganglion cells

A

give rise to optic nerve fibres

30
Q

26: retinal processing: action of photoreceptors in response to light

A
  • reduce neurotransmitter released

- excites or inhibits bipolar cells

31
Q

26: retinal processing: where do a.p first appear

A

ganglion cells

32
Q

26: off centre type vs on - light shone onto centre

A

off - inhibits ganglion cell

on - excites

33
Q

26: off centre type vs on - light shone onto surround

A
  • excites ganglion cell

- inhibits

34
Q

26: organisation of cone ganglion cells

A

centre around organisation

35
Q

26: 2 types of cone ganglion cell centre surround organisation

A
  • red (l) - green (m)

- blue - yellow

36
Q

26: here do fibres from nasal retina cross

A

cross at optic chiasm

37
Q

26: left eye temporal and right eye nasal

A
  • go to left LGN and cortex

- represent right visual field

38
Q

26: right eye temporal and left eye nasal

A
  • go to right LGN and cortex

- represent left visual field

39
Q

26: lateral geniculate body

A
  • left - found on righit hemisphere

- projections from eye kept separate in different layers

40
Q

26: visual cortex

A

5 areas

V1 (primary visual cortex) to V5 (MT)

41
Q

26: primary visual cortex

A
  • more cortical area to centre of vision

- receives info from retinas

42
Q

26: 2 processing streams in visual cortex

A

dorsal stream - action pathway

ventral stream recognition pathway

physiology (7 decks)

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