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renal system Flashcards

1
Q

11: what nephrons are involved in making concentrated urine

A

juxtakedullary nephrons

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2
Q

11: renal blood supply distribution in cortex vs medula vs papilla

A

cortex - 93%
medula - 7%
papilla - 1%

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3
Q

11: functions of kidney

A
  • homeostatic regulation of water and ion content of blood
  • excretion fo metabolic waste products
  • production of hormones
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4
Q

11: glomerular filtration - what is filtered

A

all plasma constituents except proteins

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5
Q

11: glomerular filtration - what do filtration barriers restrict

A

solute movement on basis of size and charge

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6
Q

11: what % of cardiac output do kidneys receive

A

25%

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7
Q

11: what does hydrostatic pressure of blood flowing through glomerular capillaries promote

A

promotes movement of fluid into capsule

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8
Q

11: what does hydrostatic pressure of fluid in bowmans space oppose

A

opposes movement of fluid into capsule

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9
Q

11: what drives filtration

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

11: increase in resistance of afferent arteriole

A

reduces blood flow to glomerulus

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11
Q

11: increase in resistance of efferent arteriole

A

increases blood flow/pressure to glomerulus

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12
Q

11: decrease in resistance of afferent arteriole

A

increase blood flow to glomerulus

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13
Q

11: decrease in resistance in efferent arteriole

A

decreases pressure in glomerulus

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14
Q

11: auto regulation

A

maintains renal blood flow and GFR

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15
Q

11: local control mechanisms of auto regulation

A
  1. myogenic response

2. tubuloglomerular feedback

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16
Q

11: what does the nephron do so that the ascending limb of loop of hence passes between afferent and efferent arterioles

A

it loops back on itself

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17
Q

11: where does filtration of blood occur

A

glomerulus

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18
Q

11: why is regulation of renal blood flow important

A

in regulating glomerular filtration rate

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19
Q

11: filtrate

A

solution entering proximal convoluted tubule

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20
Q

11: what does filtrate contain

A 
h20 
na+ 
k+ 
ca2+ 
cl- 
HCO3- 
glucose
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21
Q

12: formation of urine steps

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

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22
Q

12: formation of urine - amount excreted =

A

amount excreted = amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted

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23
Q

12: reabsorption

A

movement of of solutes/fluid out of filtrate and into capillaries via epithelial transport mechanisms

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24
Q

12: epithelial transport mechanisms - epithelial transcellular transport

A

substances cross apical and basolateral membranes of the tubule epithelial cells

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25
12: epithelial transport mechanisms - paracellular transport pathway
substances pass through the cell- cell junction between two adjacent cells
26
12: epithelial transport mechanisms - passive transport via
diffusion leak channels paracellular transport
27
12: epithelial transport mechanisms - active transport
membrane channels transporters co-transporters pumps carriers
28
12: how is structure of PCT specialised for its functions
- microvilli on apical surface for reabsorption - ER,golgi,lysosomes, vacuoles = synthesis of membrane proteins -
29
12: reabsorption at PCT - na+ reabsorption
- passively at apical membrane down electrochemical gradient - co transport with essential solutes
30
12: reabsorption at PCT - H20 reabsorption
paracellular route via osmosis
31
12: reabsorption at PCT - glucose
co transport at apical membrane
32
12: reabsorption of glucose (Tm)
transport maximum rate
33
12: reabsorption of glucose (renal threshold)
plasma concentration of substrate at transport maximum
34
12: reabsorption of glucose (diabetes mellitus)
excessive glucose concentration saturates carriers and excess glucose appears in urine
35
12: formation of urine - what is the descending limb permeable/imperemebale to
water | solutes
36
12: formation of urine - where is NaCl transported from
ascending limb into interstitium
37
12: formation of urine - what is the thick ascending limb of loop impermeable to
water
38
12: formation of urine - what is collecting duct relatively impermeable/permeable to
H20 | urea
39
12: properties of countercurrent exchange systems
- two flows moving in opposite directions - vessels anatomically close together - passive transfer of molecules from 1 vessel to another
40
12: countercurrent multiplier system
countercurrent exchange enhanced by active transport of solutes
41
12: how can osmotic gradient for reabsorption of H2O be maintained
prevent reduction in osmolarity of medullary interstitium (tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the medulla)
42
12: countercurrent exchange - vasa recta and collecting duct
- h2o reabsorbed from collecting duct - removed from medulla by ascending vasa recta - results in concentrated urine with high osmolarity
43
12: countercurrent multiplier exchange - descending limb of loop
H2O reabsorption | increased filtrate osmolarity
44
12: countercurrent multiplier exchange - descending limb of vasa recta
H2O reabsorption solute uptake increased blood osmolarity
45
12: countercurrent multiplier exchange - ascending limb of vasa recta
H2O reabsorption | deceased blood osmolarity
46
12: direct renal adjustment
directly by excreting or reabsorbing H+
47
12: indirect renal adjustment
by excreting /reabsorbing HCO3
48
12: Where does reabsorption and secretion occur
PCT
49
12: what are countercurrent mechanisms important in controlling
conc of solutes and water in urine
50
12: control of H+ and HCO3- exertion regulates
acid base balance
51
13: diuresis
drugs that promote removal of excess water in urine / urine excretion
52
13: what does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) control
permeability of cells in collecting duct to H2O
53
13: effect of ADH on collecting duct
makes collecting duct permeable to H2O
54
13: main controllers of adh release
osmoreceptos
55
13: what can stimulate increased ADH release
decreased blood volume / pressure
56
13: where is ADH stored
vesicles in posterior pituitary gland
57
13: what detects changes in plasma osmolarity
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
58
13: ADH when there is increased plasma osmolarity vs decreased
``` increased = increased ADH decreased = decreased ADH ```
59
13: what is the normal plasma osmolarity
290 mOsm
60
13: physiological stimuli for ADH secretion
heightened emotions/stress high temperature exercise pain
61
13: physiological stimuli for ADH secretion - what inhibits release fo ADH
alcohol
62
13: what alters fluid balance
MDMA
63
13: decrease in fluid out = MDMA stimulates
ADH secretion
64
13: when is ADH released
when there is an increase in osmolarity and reduction in blood volume
65
13: what does ADH promote
reabsorption fo H2O by cells in collecting duct
66
13: overall effect of ADH
decreased H2O excretion | increased blood volume
67
13: ADH deficiency - central diabetes insipidus
deficiency of ADH secretion
68
13: ADH deficiency - nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
nephrons do not respond to ADH
69
13: aldosterone
steroid hormone synthesised in adrenal cortex following stimulation by angiotensin 2
70
13: what does aldosterone promote
reabsorption fo NA+ in distal convoluted tubule and in cortical collecting duct
71
13: overall effect of aldosterone
decreased NaCL and H2O excretion | increased blood volume
72
13: what does angiotensin 2 stimulate
release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
73
13: what does angiotensin 2 inhibit
baroreceptor reflex | increase the release off norepinephrine from sympathetic postganglionic fibres
74
13: overall effect of angiotensin 2
decreased NaCL and h2o excretion | increased blood volume and BP
75
13: what does atrial natriuretic peptide control
regulation of plasma volume and na+
76
13: where are atrial natriuretic peptides produced
by atria in response to stretch
77
13: what do atrial natriuretic peptides increase
renal water and nA+ excretion
78
13: what do atrial natriuretic peptides inhibit
thirst ADH aldosterone renin release
79
13: overall effect of natriuretic peptides
increased Nacl and h2o excretion | decreased blood volume and Bp
80
13: how does ADH increase blood volume
increasing reabsorption of H2O
81
13: how does aldosterone increase blood volume
increase reabsorption fo na+
82
13: who does angiotensin 2 increase blood volume
increase reabsorption of na+ and h2o
83
13: how do atrial natriuretic peptides decrease blood volume
by increasing excretion fo na+ and h2o
84
13: micturition (urine)
fluid that leaves the collecting duct | flows through ureter to bladder
85
13: micturition (bladder)
hollow organ that can expand | smooth muscle wall
86
13: internal sphincter muscles
smooth muscle with normal tone to keep it contracted
87
13: external sphincter muscles
skeletal muscle contolled by somatic motor neurones | tonic stimulation from CNS maintains contraction

physiology (7 decks)

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