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respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

14: what are the conducting systems compromised of

A

upper respiratory tract and Lower

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2
Q

14: what does the upper respiratory tract include

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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3
Q

14: what does the lower respiratory tract include

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

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4
Q

14: what is the respiratory zone compromised of

A

alveoli and capillary supply

gas exchange surface

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5
Q

14: upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity)

A
  • entry into respiratory system

- inhaled air humidified and debris filtered

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6
Q

14: upper respiratory tract (pharynx)

A
  • inspired air humidify and filtered

- protects against air and food

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7
Q

14: upper respiratory tract (larynx)

A
  • food and liquid cannot enter respiratory tract

- sound production

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8
Q

14: what happens as the the conducting airways divide

A

the cross sectional area increases exponentially

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9
Q

14: + of conducting airways dividing and increasing cross sectional area

A

larger surface area for gas exchange at alveoli

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10
Q

14: organs lined by ciliated respiratory epithelial cell Layer

A

larynx
trachea
primary bronchi

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11
Q

14: epithelial cells of conducting system - goblet cells

A

form continuous mucus layer over surface of respiratory tract

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12
Q

14: epithelial cells of conducting system - ciliated cells

A

produce saline, sweep mucus upwards to pharynx

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13
Q

14: epithelial cells of conducting system - mucociliary escalator

A

removes noxious particles from lungs

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14
Q

14: what is saline secretion essential for

A

functional mucociliary escalator

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15
Q

14: CFTR

A

cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator channel

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16
Q

14: NKCC

A

na+ , -K+-2,CL- symporter

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17
Q

14: cystic fibrosis

A
  • defect in CFTR channel = decreased mucus
  • sticky mucus layer cannot be cleared
  • bacteria colonise = lung infections
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18
Q

14: how does the function of the lower conducting system relate to its function (larynx, trachea, primary bronchi)

A
  • c shaped cartilage rings which keep trachea open and allow diameter change during pulmonary ventilation
  • posterior surface of trachea covered in connective tissue and smooth muscle = oesophagus can expand during swallowing
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19
Q

14: how does the function of the lower conducting system relate to its function (bronchiole)

A

non-ciliated epithelium
smooth muscle layer
no cartilage

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20
Q

14: respiratory zone structure - what do alveolar ducts end in

A

alveolar sacs surrounded by elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

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21
Q

14: respiratory zone structure - vasculature

A
  • extensive capillary network providing large sa for GE
  • pulmonary artery supplies deoxygenated blood
  • pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
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22
Q

14: alveolar structure

A

type 1 alveolar cell - 90%, thin
type 2 alveolar cell - smaller, thicker, surfactant production
macrophages - protect alveolar surfaces

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23
Q

14: diaphragm - inhalation vs expiration

A

active contraction of diaphragm vs passive

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24
Q

14: what muscles raise the rib cage upwards and outwards

A

external intercostal muscles

scalenes

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25
14: expiration during quiet breathing ?
passive
26
14: thoracic volume during inspiration vs expiration
increase during inspiration and decreased during expiration
27
14: Boyles law
- relationship between pressure + volume | - volume container increases = pressure gas exerts on the container decreases
28
14: pulmonary ventilation - gradient
causes air to move into/out of lungs
29
14: pressure gradients influencing ventilation - atmospheric pressure
- pull of gravity creates atmospheric pressure | - increases below sea level
30
14: pressure gradients influencing ventilation - intra pulmonary pressure
- air pressure within alveoli - rise and fall with inspiration + expiration - eventually equalises m
31
14: pleural sac
- each lung found in pleural sac which is formed by 2 membranes of elastic connective tissue and capillaries
32
14: parietal pleura
outer layer serous membrane
33
14: pleural fluid
thin fluid in cavity which act as lubricant to allow lung to move within thorax
34
14: elasticity
ability of tissue to return to og state when stretched
35
14: elastic recoil (lungs and chest wall)
lungs collapse and chest wall expands
36
14: what keeps lung and chest wall together
pleural fluid
37
14: why is elastic recoil important
expiration | elastic fibres support alveoli
38
15: alveolar surface tension
alveoli covered with thin liquid film (water) creating gas water boundary
39
15: lung compliance
ability of lungs and chest wall to stretch
40
15: what is the diameter of bronchioles controlled by
smooth muscle contraction + relaxation
41
15: central control of bronchial tone vs non neural control
central - bronchoconstriction increases resistance | non-neural control - bronchodilation decreases resistance
42
15: what drugs are used to treat asthma
b2 adrenergic drugs
43
15: surface tension at gas is the greatest
when alveoli are at their smallest diameter (during expiration)
44
15: increased alveolar surface tension leads to
reduced ability of alveolus to inflate so it collapses during expiration
45
15: what reduces surface tension
surfactant | e.g lungs, smaller alveoli have more surfactant
46
15: surfactant - function
disrupts H bonding of water | allows alveolus to remain partially open during expiration
47
15: surfactant - where is It more concentrated
smaller alveoli to increase stability
48
15: what is lung compliance affected by
alveolar surface tension (surfactant increases compliance) ability of chest wall to stretch during inspiration
49
15: FVC and FEV1 in restrictive lung disease vs obstructive lung disease
restrictive - FVC reduced , FEV1 is close to normal (pulmonary fibrosis) obstructive - FVC close to normal, FEV1 reduced (asthma)
50
15: anatomic dead space vs physiologic
ads- volume of conducting airway | p- anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space
51
15: why is total pulmonary ventilation greater than alveolar ventilation
dead space
52
15: total pulmonary ventilation =
ventilation rate x tidal volume
53
16: daltons law
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases in equal to sum of the pressures exerted by the individual gases
54
16: solubility of gas in liquid
co2and o2 = soluble | co2 = higher solubility
55
16: characteristics of pulmonary ventilation
low pressure system | high flow through lungs
56
16: alveolar structure - why are laminae of type 1 alveolar cells and endothelial cells fused
reduce diffusion distance for gas exchange
57
16: alveolar structure - macrophages
protect alveolar structures from non filtered small particles
58
16: hyperventilation vs hypoventilation
increased PaO2 and decreased PaCO2 | decreased Pa02 and increased PaCO2 + hypoxemia (below-normal level of oxygen in your blood)
59
16: hyperbaric
higher than normal pressure
60
16: hyperbaric o2 therapy
exposure to higher than normal PO2 = increased PaO2
61
16: what is hyperbaric o2 therapy used for
treat conditions benefiting from increased o2 delivery e.g severe blood loss, chronic wounds
62
16: pathological changes that affect gas exchange
surface area - decrease in alveolar SA diffusion barrier permeability - increase thickness of alveolar membrane diffusion distance - increases between alveoli and blood
63
16: alveolar ventilation (Va)
variation of inspired air
64
16: lung perfusion (Q)
regional variation in blood flow determined by gravity
65
16: V/Q mismatch
V does not match Q | blood is shunted from right to left side of heart without oxygenation
66
16: hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
redirects blood flow to ventilated alveoli improve gas exchange contrast with systemic circulation
67
17: Bohr effect
describes the reduction in o2 affinity of haemoglobin when pH is low and the increase in affinity when pH is high
68
17: anaemia - o2
- blood reduced | - o2 dissociates from haemoglobin due to increased 2-3 DPG concentration
69
17: carbaminohaemoglobin
co2 + hb = carbaminohaemoglobin
70
18: reflex control of ventilation - what do central/periphral chemoreceptors monitor
blood gases and pH
71
18: pons
site of pontine respiratory group
72
18: medulla - 2 groups of neurones
dorsal respiratory group | ventral respiratory group
73
18: pons - apneustic centre
located in pons | promotes inspiration
74
18: pons - pneumotaxic centre
located in upper part of pons | inhibits inspiration = smooth breathing
75
18: where is the respiratory centre located
medulla and pins | made up of DRG, VRG and PRG
76
18: respiratory centre - PRG
coordinates respiratory rhythm
77
18: respiratory centre - neural activity in DRG
drives inhalation via activation of diagram and external intercostal
78
18: 2 locations of peripheral chemoreceptors
aortic bodies on aortic arch | carrotid bodies in internal/external carotid artery
79
18: what do peripheral chemoreceptors sense
decrease in arterial PO2 below 60mmHg
80
18: ventilatory response to low PO2
hyperventilation which decreases PCO2 and elevates PO2
81
18: metabolic acidosis results from an
increase in non CO2 derived acid
82
18: what do central chemoreceptors monitor
CO2 in cerebrospinal fluid
83
18: carotid and aortic chemoreceptors monitor
CO2, O2 and H+
84
18: hering breuer reflex
prevents over inflation of lung | activation - inspiration stop/expiration start
85
18: proprioception
Body’s ability to sense movement, action and location
86
18: proprioception - mediated by
proprioceptors located in muscles and joints | stimulate DRG VRG

physiology (7 decks)

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