1. Organism always asso with disease 2. Isolate in culture media 3. Cause disease if inoculated 4. Reisolate from new infected 5. Ab can be produced d/t this antigen

General microbiology Flashcards by Amelia Lowe

Louis Pasteur contributions

Pasteurization
Liquid media
Father of microbiology
F ermentation principle
A utoclave
THE ory of abiogenesis disapproved and gave germ cell THEory
CAR vaccines– Cholera, Anthrax, Rabies

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Robert Koch contributions

Father of modern microbiology
‘KOCH’
Koch bacillus, Koch postulates
Cholera organism
Solid Culture media
Aniline dye Color
Hanging drop motility

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Koch postulates

Organism always asso with disease
Isolate in culture media
Cause disease if inoculated
Reisolate from new infected
Ab can be produced d/t this antigen

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Organisms that don’t follow Koch’s postulates

LPG
mycobacterium Leprae (can’t be cultured, only grown in Armadillo)
treponema Pallidum
Gonococcus

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Contributions of Paul Ehrlich

Ehrlichia
Nobel prize for toxin- antitoxin standardization
Father of chemotherapy
Acid fast stain

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Father of antiseptic surgery

Joseph Lister

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Father of light microscopy

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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Father of electron microscopy

Ernst Ruska

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Contribution of Edward Jenner

First vaccine– small pox

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Contribution of Kary B Mullis

PCR

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L form/ cell wall deficient forms were discovered by

Kleinberger

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Alexander Fleming contribution

Penicillin

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Barbara McClintock

Transposons/ Jumping genes

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Nobel prize for HCV given to

Alter, Rice, Houghton

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Nobel Prize for CRISPR- Cas9

Charpentier, Doudna

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Differential stains examples

Gram
Acid fast
Albert

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Order of steps in gram stain

Crystal violet
Iodine
Alcohol
Safranin

‘Come In And Stain’

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What is the primary and secondary stain in gram stain?

Primary: Crystal violet
Secondary: Safranin

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What is the role of iodine and alcohol in gram stain?

Iodine- mordant/ fixer
Alcohol- decolorizer

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Most crucial step in gram stain

Decolorization

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Poorly gram staining organisms

‘MRCS”
Mycoplasma
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Spirochetes

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Order of steps in acid fast stain

‘class has asked mnemonic’
Carbol fuschin
Heat
Acid
Methylene blue

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Percentage of H2SO4 needed in-
1. M Tb
2. M leprae, coccidian parasites
3. Nocardia, legionella
4. Spores, head of sperm

20%
5% (Fite Foraco stain)
1%
0.25-0.5%

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Acid fast organisms

My Nose IS Cold and HoT
Mycobacterium
Nocardia, Legionella
Isospora, Cyclospora
Spores, sperms
Cryptosporidium
Hooklet of Hydatid, Taenia saginata egg

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Coccidian parasites examples

Cryptosporidium Isospora Cyclospora

What is cold ZN stain?

aka Kinyoun stain/ Gabbet stain Used for Coccidian parasites

C. diphtheria granules seen. Name?

Babes Ernst granules Volutin granules Bipolar granules Metachromatic granules

Types and constituents of Albert stain

Albert 1 stain: Toluidine blue, Malachite green, Glacial acetic acid Albert 2 stain: Iodine

Stains for volutin granules

Ponder's stain Loeffler's methylene blue (best) Albert stain Neisser's stain 'PLAN'

Stain for cryptococcus

Negative stain-- India ink, Nigrosin stain

How to visualize flagella, spirochetes?

Dark field microscope (best) Stains- silver stains (Fontana, Levaditi)

Stain for spores

ZN stain Schaeffer and fulton stain (malachite green, safranin)

Stain for flagella

Leifson and ryu's stain

Objective lens powers

Scanner 4x Low power 10x High power 40x Oil immersion 100x

Eyepiece lens power

10x

Maximum magnification on light microscope

1000x Obj lens 100x x eye piece 10x

Interference contrast microscope is used for

revealing cell organelles Measurement of chemical constituents such as lipids, proteins, nucleic acids of cells

Principle of fluorescence microscope

shorter wavelength is converted to longer wavelength

Fluorescence microscope 1. Light used? 2. Filters present 3. Mirror used

1. UV light 2. Excitation and emission filter 3. Dichroic mirror

Dyes used in fluorescence microscopy of 1. TB 2. Malaria 3. Fungus 4. Flow cytometry

1. Auramine, Rhodamine 2. Acridine orange 3. Calcoflour white 4. Fluoro Iso Thio Cyanate

Where is Rhodanine dye used?

Cu staining

What exhibits autofluorescence?

Cyclospora, Isospora NADPH Formalin

Phase contrast microscope is used to

see structures with different refractive indices

Part of phase contrast microscope

Annular diaphragm in front of condenser at the bottom Annular phase plate at the top

Source of light used in electron microscope

No light is used Beam of electron is used

Medium used in electron microscope

Vacuum

What is used for fixation in electron microscope vs light microscope?

Electron: 2-2.5% glutaraldehyde Light: 10% neutral buffered formalin

What is used for embedding in electron vs light microscope?

electron- resin light- paraffin wax

What slide is used in electron vs light microscope?

electron: copper metal slide light; glass

Types of electron microscope

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Principle of scanning vs transmission electron microscope

scanning: scattered electrons transmitted: transmitted electrons

Images obtained in scanning vs transmission electron microscope

scanning: 3D transmission: 2D

Which type of electron microscope is better at viewing more sample in less time?

Scanning

Which type of electron microscope is used to view internal details?

Transmitted electron microscope

Which microbe has both slime layer and capsule?

Streptococcus salivaris

Examples of capsulated organisms

Pretty NIce CApsule strept Pneumoniae K. pneumoniae yersinia Pestis clostridium Perfringens vibrio Parahemolyticus bordatella Pertussis Neisseria meningococcus h. Influenzae Cryptococcus staph Aureus bacillus Anthracis

All capsules are made of _____ except _____

polysaccharides B. anthracis- polypeptide Y. pestis- F1 peptide

What are the key differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?

Gram positive- Peptidoglycan layer is thick, teichoic acid present, Outer membrane is absent, LPS is absent and it retains Crystal violet Gram negative- Peptidoglycan layer is thin, teichoic acid is absent, LPS is present, Outer membrane is present, Loses crystal violet, stains pink d/t safranin

What is the function of teichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria?

Provides rigidity Contributes to antigenicity Helps in attachment to host surfaces

What is the composition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Gram-negative bacteria?

Lipid A (Endotoxin, responsible for fever & shock) Core polysaccharide O antigen (Serotyping, antigenic variation)

Why do Gram-negative bacteria not retain Crystal Violet stain?

Thin peptidoglycan layer cannot retain the stain after alcohol decolorization The outer membrane disrupts dye retention

What are examples of bacteria without a cell wall?

Mycoplasma spp. (Contains sterols in membrane for stability) Ureaplasma spp.

What is unique about the Mycobacteria cell wall?

Contains mycolic acid Acid-fast due to high lipid content Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Which bacteria have a partially absent peptidoglycan layer?

Chlamydia spp. (Lacks muramic acid)

What is the effect of penicillin on bacterial cell walls?

Inhibits transpeptidase (PBP) → Blocks peptidoglycan cross-linking More effective against Gram-positive bacteria due to thick peptidoglycan

General microbiology Flashcards

(65 cards)