Parasitology-2

Question 1

Which malaria species can cause splenomegaly?

Answer 1

P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae (due to chronic immune activation).

Question 2

What is “malarial retinopathy”?

Answer 2

Retinal hemorrhages and whitening seen in severe falciparum malaria.

Question 3

What is “Recrudescence” in malaria?

Answer 3

Relapse of malaria due to incomplete clearance of RBC forms (without liver hypnozoites). Seen in P. falciparum and P. malariae.

Question 4

Which type of reproduction occurs in mosquitoes for Plasmodium?

Answer 4

Sexual reproduction (sporogony).

Question 5

What is the role of PfEMP1 in malaria?

Answer 5

PfEMP1 (Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) mediates cytoadherence and antigenic variation, leading to immune evasion.

Question 6

Why does P. vivax have lower parasitemia than P. falciparum?

Answer 6

Because P. vivax infects only young RBCs (reticulocytes).

Question 7

What is the significance of Maurer’s clefts?

Answer 7

They are irregular cytoplasmic inclusions seen in P. falciparum-infected RBCs.

Question 8

What is the role of Hemozoin in malaria?

Answer 8

Hemozoin is a byproduct of hemoglobin digestion by Plasmodium and is responsible for dark pigment in malaria-infected tissues.

Question 9

Durck Granuloma is seen in

Answer 9

P. falciparum

Question 10

Algid malaria

Answer 10

Malaria with circulatory failure

Question 11

Screening method of choice for malaria

Answer 11

Kawamoto technique- acridine orange.

Question 12

Thick smear vs thin smear for malaria diagnosis

Answer 12

Thick- to quantify
Thin- for identification

Question 13

Gold standard for diagnosis of malaria

Answer 13

Light microscopy

Question 14

____ OIF is examined before reporting malaria negative

Answer 14

200-300

Question 15

Thick smear vs thin smear sensitivity

Answer 15

Thick- 5 parasites/ microlitre
Thin- 200 parasites/ microlitre

Question 16

Stains used for microscopy of malaria

Answer 16

Romanowsky stain
JSB stain

Question 17

Ziemann’s dots seen in

Answer 17

P. malariae

Question 18

James dots a/w

Answer 18

P. ovale

Question 19

RDT for malaria
1. Principle
2. Sensitivity
3. Membrane used

Answer 19

1. Immunichromatography
2. 50-100/ microlitre
3. Nitrocellulose membrane

Question 20

Maltese cross appearance of RBC seen in

Answer 20

Babesia

Question 21

Babesia
1. Definitive host
2. Intermediate host
3. Accidental dead end host

Answer 21

1. Hard tick
2. Rodent/ mammal
3. Humans

Question 22

Types of Babesia and CF

Answer 22

B. microti (host- rodent)
B. divergens (host- cattle)

CF- fever, chills, sweating

Question 23

Tx of Babesia

Answer 23

Azithromycin + Atovaquone
Severe: Clindamycin + Quinine

Question 24

Autofluorescence shown by which diarrhoea causing parasite

Answer 24

Cyclospora
Isospora

Question 25

Tx of 1. Cyclospora, Isospora 2. Cryptosporidium

Answer 25

1. Cotrimoxazole 2. Nitazoxanide

Question 26

What are the three main parts of a cestode?

Answer 26

Scolex (head), neck, and proglottids (body segments).

Question 27

Differences between heads of cestodes

Answer 27

Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm)- 4 suckers, 2 rows of hooks Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm)- 4 suckers Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish Tapeworm)- 2 suctorial grooves/ bothria Echinococcus granulosus (Dog Tapeworm)- 4 suckers, 2 rows of hooks Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm)- 4 suckers, single row of 20-30 hooks H.diminuta- 4 suckers All of the ones with 'ta' doesnt have hooks

Question 28

What is the definitive host for Schistosoma?


Answer 28

Man

Question 29

What is the first intermediate host for Paragonimus westermani?


Answer 29

Snail

Question 30

What is the second intermediate host for Clonorchis sinensis?


Answer 30

Clonor fish

Question 31

What is the infective form of Schistosoma?


Answer 31

Cercaria larva

Question 32

How does Schistosoma transmit to humans?


Answer 32

Through skin penetration

Question 33

What type of eggs do adult Schistosoma produce?


Answer 33

Spinous egg

Question 34

What is the treatment for Schistosoma infection?


Answer 34

Praziquantel

Question 35

What clinical condition does S. Haematobium cause?


Answer 35

Haematuria

Question 36

Where does S. Mansoni primarily affect?


Answer 36

Inferior Mesenteric plexus

Question 37

What is a clinical manifestation of Fasciola hepatica?


Answer 37

Jaundice

Question 38

What is the infective stage of Ascaris Lumbricoides?


Answer 38

Embryonated egg

Question 39

What is the treatment for Ascaris Lumbricoides infection?


Answer 39

Albendazole

Question 40

What is the mode of transmission for Trichuris trichiura?


Answer 40

Ingestion

Question 41

What clinical condition is associated with Trichuris trichiura?


Answer 41

Dysentery

Question 42

What is the infective stage of Enterobius vermicularis?


Answer 42

Embryonated egg

Question 43

What is a diagnostic method for Enterobius vermicularis?


Answer 43

Scotch tape method

Question 44

What is the common name of Hymenolepis nana?

Answer 44

Dwarf tapeworm

Question 45

What is the mode of transmission of Hymenolepis nana?

Answer 45

Fecal-oral route (ingestion of eggs) Autoinfection (eggs hatch in the intestine) Ingestion of infected arthropods (like beetles)

Question 46

What are the characteristic features of Hymenolepis nana scolex?

Answer 46

Small, rounded scolex Four suckers Retractable rostellum with a single row of hooks

Question 47

What is the life cycle of Hymenolepis nana?

Answer 47

Eggs ingested → hatch into oncospheres Penetrate intestinal wall → form cysticercoid larvae Mature into adult worms in the intestine Eggs released in feces or undergo autoinfection

Question 48

What are the clinical features of Hymenolepis nana infection?

Answer 48

Mostly asymptomatic Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea Weight loss Eosinophilia (mild)

Question 49

What is the diagnostic method for Hymenolepis nana?

Answer 49

Stool examination for eggs Eggs are oval, thin-shelled, with polar filaments

Question 50

What is the treatment of choice for Hymenolepis nana?

Answer 50

Praziquantel (DOC) Alternative: Niclosamide

Question 51

How does Hymenolepis nana differ from Hymenolepis diminuta?

Answer 51

H. diminuta is larger, has no hooks, transmits only via insects and shows no autoinfection

Question 52

How to differentiate between H. nana and H. diminuta life cycles?

Answer 52

Only between humans- H. nana Btween humans and rats- H. diminuta