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Parasitology Flashcards

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1
Q

Amoebiasis in Intestine features

A

Flash shaped ulcers which contains Erythrophagocytosis by trophozoites

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2
Q

Anchovy sauce appearance is seen in

A

Liver amoebiasis

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3
Q

How many stool samples for amoebiasis

A

3 consecutive

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4
Q

Medium for stool culture

A
  1. Polyxenic medium- has added bacterial supplements
  2. Axenic medium- pure medium
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5
Q

Examples of Axenic medium

A

Diamond medium

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6
Q

Examples of Polyxenic medium

A

Nelson culture
Balamuth culture
Boeck and DrBohlav medium
Craige’s medium

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7
Q

Differentiate between E. histolytica vs Entamoeba coli trophozoite

A

E. histolytica has engulfed RBC, central karyosome. E. coli has no RBC, eccentric karyosome

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8
Q

Differentiate between E. histolytica vs Entamoeba coli cysts

A

E. histolytica-
1-4 nuclei (cartwheel app)
Thick chromatoid body made of ribonucleoprotein
E. coli-
1-8 nuclei
thin chromatoid body

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9
Q

Diagnosis of amoebiasis in liver

A

Trophozoites in pus

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10
Q

Amoebiasis:
1. Infective form
2. Transmission
3. Infective dose

A
  1. Mature/ Quadrinucleate cyst
  2. Feco oral
  3. Very less
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11
Q

Organisms with small infectivity dose

A

EHEC
Shigella
Cryptosporidium
E. histolytica
Giardia

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12
Q

Examples of free living amoeba

A

Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba

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13
Q

Naegleria fowleri
1. Causes
2. Infective form
3. Spread of disease in the body
4. Diagnosis:
5. Tx

A
  1. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
  2. Trophozoites
  3. Neural
  4. CSF- trophozoites, Incr PMNL, Culture in NNA medium with lawn culture of E. coli
    PCR- Gold standard
  5. Ampho B
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14
Q

Acanthamoeba
1. ___ course
2. Spread in the body
3. Causes
4. Diagnosis
5. Infective form
6. Mostly seen in
7. Tx

A
  1. C/c
  2. Blood
  3. Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
  4. Brain biopsy- shows trophzoites and cysts
  5. Trophzoites and cysts
  6. Immunodeficient people
  7. Pentamidine + Sulfonamide + Azole + Flucytosine
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15
Q

Similarities and differences between Balamuthia and acanthamoeba

A

Causes GAME. Shows cysts and trophozoites
Diff: FIsh shaped trophozoites, In all people (not just immunodef)

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16
Q

Balantidium coli

A
  1. Cysts and trophozoites have 2 nucleus each- one big kidney shaped, one small
  2. In large intestine
  3. Ciliated cyst
  4. Largest member of amoeba family
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17
Q

Examples of flagellates

A

Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis

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18
Q

Giardia lamblia
1. Site
2. Route
3. Motility
4. Infective form
5. Tests
6. Treatment

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Feco oral rute
  3. Falling leaf
  4. Cyst
  5. Stool- trophozoites- 2 nuclei and 4 pairs of flagella. Pear/ Tennis racket shaped trophozoite. Cyst- 4 nuclei
    String test/ E test
    HPE- luminal organism- sickle shape
  6. Tx: Metronidazole, Tinidazole
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19
Q

MC parasite infection in the world

A

Giardia lamblia

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20
Q

MC parasite found in stools

A

Giardia

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21
Q

MCC of STD, NGU

A

Trichomonas

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22
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
1. Reservoir
2. Infective form
3. Male symptoms
4. Female symptoms
5. Motility
6. Structure of flagella
7. Culture
8. Tx

A
  1. Females
  2. Trophozoite
  3. D/c (green)
  4. Strawberry cervix
  5. Twitching/ Jerky
  6. 4 pairs of ant flagella, one posterior, undulating member
  7. Lash media, Diamond medium
  8. Metronidazole. Treat both partners
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23
Q

Examples of Hemoflagellates

A

Trypanosoma:
- T. cruzi- Chagas d/s/ American sleeping sickness
Vector: Reduvid bug/ Triatomine bug (nocturnal)

  • T. brucei- African sleeping sickness. Vector: Tsetse fly

Leishmania: Vector- Sandfly

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24
Q

Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Trypomastigote enters human–> Amastigote –> Trypomastigote–> leaves human–> Enters insect–> Epimastigote–> leaves insect–> Trypomastigote–> cycle continues

‘TAT TET cycle’

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25
Forms of Trypanosoma seen in T. brucei infection
Epimastigote in Insects Trypomastigote in humans
26
Forms of Leishmania seen in infection
In humans and insect- both amastigote and promastigote seen
27
Kinetoplast includes
Blepharoplast and parabasal body
28
Post nuclear kinetoplast is seen in
Trypomastigote
29
Romana's sign-
periorbital edema seen in A/c chagas d/s
30
C/c chagas disease features
MMM Myocarditis Megacolon Megaesophagus
31
Chagas disease- 1. Sample 2. Culture 3. Treatment
1. Blood/ buffy coat 2. NNN 3. Benznidazole
32
Types of African sleeping sickness
T. brucei gambiense- - primary reservoir: Humans - West African sleeping sickness - Winterbottom sign- Lymphadenopathy +++ - Tx: Pentamidine T. brucei rhodesiense- - primary reservoir: animals - East African sleeping sickness - Tx: Suramine - More aggresive
33
Parasites that cause myocarditis
TTTTE Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma brucei rhodescience Toxoplasma gondii Trichinella spiralis Echinococcus
34
Leishmania 1. Infective form 2. Diagnostic form
1. Promastigote 2. Amastigote/ LD bodies
35
LD bodies
Macrophages inside which amastigote forms are seen of Leishmania
36
Diagnosis of Leishmania
1. Spleen sample to see LD bodies (most sensitive but difficult as it can cause bleeding) BM (most pref) and blood taken BAL (HIV- as liver/ spleen may not function) 2. Hypergammaglobulinemia- Napier's aldehyde test, Chopra Antimony test (only theory) 3. NNN media- promastigotes seen 4. Rapid card test- RK39 antigen 5. PCR- definitive
37
Treatment for Leishmania
Liposomal amphotericin B
38
What organisms can be grown on NNN media?
Trypanosoma cruzi Leishmania
39
What is Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)?
A condition that appears 1-2 years after treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) with Liposomal Amphotericin B.
40
What are the characteristic skin lesions in PKDL?
Hypopigmented nodules on the skin.
41
What is the treatment for Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)?
Oral Miltefosine.
42
What is another name for Leishmania tropica infection?
Oriental Sore / Delhi Boil / Aleppo Button.
43
What type of leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania brasiliensis?
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis / Espundia.
44
Leishmaniasis Recidivans
AKA Relapsing Leishmaniasis D/t inadeqate treatment Nodular lesions or rash around central healing
45
Examples of coccidian parasites
Cryptosporidium Isospora Cyclospora Sarcocystis Toxoplasma gondii
46
What is the primary mode of transmission for Toxoplasma gondii?
Ingestion of oocysts from cat feces (contaminated food, water, soil) Consumption of undercooked meat containing tissue cysts Transplacental transmission (congenital toxoplasmosis) Organ transplantation or blood transfusion (rare)
47
What is the classic triad of congenital toxoplasmosis?
Chorioretinitis (inflammation of retina and choroid) Hydrocephalus (due to CSF obstruction) Intracranial calcifications (diffuse) (+ possible deafness and seizures)
48
What is the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii? Intermediate hosts?
Cats (definitive host) – sexual reproduction of T. gondii occurs in the intestines of cats, leading to oocyst shedding. Humans
49
What is the characteristic brain lesion seen in cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients?
Multiple ring-enhancing lesions on MRI/CT, primarily in the basal ganglia.
50
Gold standard test for Toxoplasmosis
Sabin Feldman test- using Methylene Blue Colorless- AB present Color present- Ab absent IgG- IgM+--Acute IgG+, IgM + -- Acute IgG+ -- c/c
51
Treatment for Toxoplasmosis
Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine Folinic acid is given to prevent Bone marrow suppresion
52
What are the two forms of Toxoplasma gondii in human infection?
Tachyzoites – Rapidly dividing, invasive form seen in acute infection Via Blood transfusion Bradyzoites – Slow-growing form within tissue cysts, responsible for latent infection. Via Undercooked meat Sporulated oocyst- via contaminated soil/ food/ water
53
What stain is used to visualize Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites?
A: Giemsa or Wright stain
54
What is the major distinguishing factor between CNS lymphoma and toxoplasmic encephalitis on brain imaging?
Thallium SPECT scan – Toxoplasmosis → hypometabolic (cold lesion) CNS lymphoma → hypermetabolic (hot lesion)
55
Diarrhoea in immunocompromised host
Cryptosporidium- 4 sporozoites Cyclospora- 4 sporozoites Isospora- 8 sporozoites
56
What is the incubation period for different Plasmodium species?
P. falciparum: 9-14 days P. vivax/P. ovale: 12-18 days P. malariae: 18-40 days P. knowlesi: ~10-12 days
57
What is the fever cycle in different malaria types?
P. vivax/P. ovale: Tertian fever (every 48 hours) P. falciparum: Irregular fever patterns (malignant tertian) P. malariae: Quartan fever (every 72 hours) P. knowlesi: Daily fever (quotidian fever)
58
Which Plasmodium species can cause relapses and why?
P. vivax and P. ovale due to hypnozoites in the liver.
59
What is the gold standard for malaria diagnosis?
Peripheral blood smear (thick and thin smears) with Giemsa stain.
60
What are the characteristic blood smear findings in malaria?
P. falciparum: Multiple rings per RBC, banana-shaped gametocytes P. vivax: Schüffner's dots, large RBCs P. ovale: Schüffner's dots, oval-shaped RBCs P. malariae: Band forms in RBCs P. knowlesi: Ring stages resemble P. falciparum
61
What rapid test can be used for malaria diagnosis?
Malaria antigen rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) – detects Plasmodium LDH or HRP-2 antigen.
62
What is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria?
P. falciparum: Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) (e.g., Artemether-Lumefantrine) P. vivax/P. ovale: Chloroquine + Primaquine (to kill hypnozoites) P. malariae/P. knowlesi: Chloroquine
63
What is the treatment for severe falciparum malaria?
IV Artesunate (preferred) or IV Quinine followed by ACT.
64
What must be tested before giving primaquine?
G6PD deficiency – primaquine can cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients.
65
Which Plasmodium species is associated with nephrotic syndrome?
Plasmodium malariae
66
What genetic traits provide resistance to malaria?
Sickle cell trait (HbAS) – protects against P. falciparum G6PD deficiency – limits parasite survival Duffy antigen negativity – protects against P. vivax infection
67
What is the vaccine for malaria?
RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix) – targets P. falciparum by inducing immunity against the circumsporozoite protein (CSP).
68
What is blackwater fever?
A severe complication of P. falciparum malaria, characterized by massive hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and renal failure.
69
What is the primary site of Plasmodium replication in humans?
Liver (exoerythrocytic phase) and RBCs (erythrocytic phase).
70
What is the life cycle of Plasmodium in humans?
Sporozoites enter liver via mosquito bite. Schizogony in liver cells forms merozoites. Merozoites infect RBCs, forming trophozoites. Trophozoites mature into schizonts → release more merozoites. Some trophozoites form gametocytes → taken up by mosquito.

Microbiology (19 decks)

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