Generic Micoorganism Principles

Question 1

how do we classify microorganisms

Answer 1

size and shape 
presence of nucleus 
nature of genetic material 
number of chromosomes 
nature of cells wall if present 
type of cell membrane sterols

Question 2

cell type of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Answer 2

viruses - acellular
bacteria - prokaryotic
fungi - eukaryotic
parasites - eukaryotic

Question 3

nucleus presence of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Answer 3

viruses - none
bacteria - none
fungi - yes
parasites - yes

Question 4

DNA/RNA/both in viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Answer 4

viruses - DNA or RNA
bacteria - Both
fungi - Both
parasites - Both

Question 5

chromosomes in viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Answer 5

viruses - nucleocaspid
bacteria - 1 chromosome
fungi - more than 1
parasites - more than 1

Question 6

ribosomes in viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Answer 6

viruses - none
bacteria - 70S ribosomes
fungi - 80S ribosomes
parasites - 80S ribosomes

Question 7

cell wall composition in viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Answer 7

viruses - none
bacteria - peptidoglycans
fungi - chitin
parasites - none

Question 8

membrane sterols in viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Answer 8

viruses - no membrane, so no sterols
bacteria - membrane, but no sterols
fungi - membrane with ergosterols
parasites - membrane with sterols

Question 9

what is defined as the ability of a pathogen to establish an infection

Answer 9

infectivity

Question 10

what is defined as the ability to cause disease

Answer 10

pathogenicity

Question 11

what bacteria use pili (hair like adherens) to adhere to surfaces of host cells

Answer 11

E coli

Question 12

what bacteria have fimbriae which are similar to pili that adheres to the surfaces of host cells

Answer 12

Group A streptococci

Question 13

adherence enhances the ___ of the microorganism by preventing it from being carried away by mucus or fluids in the body

Answer 13

infectivity

more adherence = more infective

Question 14

what is the ability to penetrate a hosts defenses

Answer 14

invasion

Question 15

some microorganisms have what that help facilitate the invasion process

give examples

Answer 15

enzymes

ex. collagenase and hyaluronidase

Question 16

what is it called when a microorganism is capable to change the shape of their surface antigen to escape detection by the humans antibodies

Answer 16

antigenic switching

Question 17

what species is capable of antigenic switching

Answer 17

trypanosoma

Question 18

how does trypanosoma facilitate antigenic switching

Answer 18

trypanosoma enters the body and stimulates the production of antibodies

within a matter of hours, some of the trypanosoma switch the variable surface glycoprotein covering themselves to a new antigenic VSG to slip the bodies defense mechanisms

Question 19

what is it called

ability to cause serious illness

Answer 19

virulence

Question 20

give an example of something that make a microorganism more virulent

example

Answer 20

poisons or toxins produced which are extremely harmful to the patient

ex. toxin produced by clostridium botulinum

Question 21

what is a hospital acquired infection called

Answer 21

nosocomial

Question 22

what is a disease caused by health professionals called

Answer 22

iatrogenic

Question 23

iatrogenic disease caused by health professionals is usually due to what

Answer 23

washing hands

Question 24

what is a common hospital acquired infection that causes diarrhea and could be fatal

Answer 24

clostridium difficile

Question 25

what is an organism that is part of the normal flora

Answer 25

commensal

Question 26

a commensal organism (where organism is part of normal flora) has what kind of relationship with the host

Answer 26

organism benefits from host while the host is unaffected by the organism

Question 27

what is it called when two dissimilar organisms live together

Answer 27

symbiosis

Question 28

what is it called when both organisms benefit and are needed to function

Answer 28

synergism

Question 29

what are eukaryotes

Answer 29

true nucleus | organelles

Question 30

what are prokaryotes

Answer 30

no true nucleus no organelles no mitochondria

Question 31

how are organisms classified and organized

Answer 31

family and genus

Question 32

how are organisms named

Answer 32

genus and species

Question 33

what is taxonomic ranks of biology

Answer 33

king paul can only find good spices ``` kingdom phylum class order family genus species ```

Question 34

what microbe eats inorganic material

Answer 34

autotroph

Question 35

what microbe eats organic material

Answer 35

heterotroph

Question 36

what microbe eats dead or decaying material

Answer 36

saprophyte

Question 37

what microbe eats off living organisms

Answer 37

parasites

Question 38

what microbe can live with the presence or absence of oxygen

Answer 38

facultative

Question 39

what microbe prefers oxygen to live

Answer 39

facultative aerobe

Question 40

what microbe prefers no oxygen to live

Answer 40

facultative anaerobe

Question 41

what microbe can only live in one environment and not the other

Answer 41

obligate

Question 42

what microbe can only live in oxygen

Answer 42

obligate aerobes

Question 43

what microbe can only live in no oxygen

Answer 43

obligate anaerobes

Question 44

what microbe lives in reduced amounts of oxygen

Answer 44

microaerophilic

Question 45

what are examples of microaerophilics

Answer 45

high altitude plants

Question 46

where are microaerophilics grown

Answer 46

candle jar culture

Question 47

what is it called when 2 populations live together and one or both benefit

Answer 47

symbiosis

Question 48

what is it called when 2 populations live together and both benefit

Answer 48

mutualism

Question 49

what is it called when 2 populations live together and both benefit and both accomplish what neither can do alone

Answer 49

synergism

Question 50

what is it called when 2 populations live together and one benefits and the other us unaffected

Answer 50

commensalism

Question 51

what is it called to transfer a disease from animal to humans

Answer 51

zoonosis

Question 52

zoonosis example

Answer 52

anthrax woolsorters disease anthrax - gram +, sporulates, respiratory transmission

Question 53

what is a single flagella on one pole called

Answer 53

monotrichus

Question 54

what is multiple flagella (tuft) on one pole called

Answer 54

lophotrichus

Question 55

what is both flagella on both poles

Answer 55

amphitrichus

Question 56

what is around meaning flagella everywhere

Answer 56

peritrichus

Question 57

during cell sex life, what is plasmid DNA transfer via sex pilus which bestows antimicrobial resistance

Answer 57

conjugation

Question 58

during cell sex life, what is bacteriophage transfers genetic material between bacteria

Answer 58

transduction

Question 59

bacteriophage is what

Answer 59

altered virus

Question 60

during cell sex life, what is direct uptake of free DNA

Answer 60

transformation