genomes and proteomes Flashcards
(13 cards)
what are genomes
all the genetic information in a cell
- genes
- stability
- regulators
- signals
to determined the genome, map all the genes that Ames a cell and determine what they do
what is transcriptome
all mRNA transcribed from genes at a specific time. its a copy of the gene that goes to the ribosome. it makes copies of genes that the cell needs at a certain point. looking at the trasnciptiome gives us a snapshot of whats happening at those cells at that point in time.
what are protomes
all expressed proteins at a time
what is DNA sequencing
determines the genetic code. specifically next generation sequencing. it measures the segment of DNA code.
what’s the human genome project
1990-2003.
what is our genome composed of
3% coding genes and the rest our None DNA coding. 8% are viral.
difference between DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA is circular and is floating around the cytoplasm. no nucleus. does have plasma DNA- non essential gene that is not required. eukaryotes have larger and more complex genes. they are linear and in the nucleus.
explain how cells are manipulated in eukaryotes
viral vectors- naturally infect, hijact the cell machinery. make a viral vector where it will inject DNA. there is also transgenic introduction- introduce gametes to early cells and let them combine. the individual will have wha genetic combination
explain CRISPR- genetic engineering
clusters regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats. from the bacterial immune system originally. it finds a section of DNA where it can insert or delete a piece of DNA. - it looks for viral DNA and cut it out. you need guide RNA, you give it the complex and look for it
how are mRNA inserted in cells
viral vectors for delivery that are packaged
what are your proteins
- expressed genes
- phenotype
- functioning units
explain the purpose of mass spectrometry
its to analyse the proteome. it looks at the ams of the molecule inside. it examine how the molecules moves and the time it takes to move. it can determine the side chain because of the difference in their mass.
explain ho the mass spectrometry has allowed us to advance
its applied in:
- homolgy: compare proteins across species.
- biomontioring: because protein is the last step for gene expression, we can see how different species respond to change in environment. - stress, pollution, climate change, habitat destruction
- medicine: insulin- extracted from cattle. 1950s. manipulating bacteria rather than in the 1920s where its from a cattle and its causing immune reactions. more cost effective and safer (bacteria)
