population genetics Flashcards
(14 cards)
what times of mutations can we have
- natural, beneficial or detrimental
- mutation is heritable in germline (sex cells)
what are single based mutations
changing one of the nucleotide bases.
explain silent mutations
no impact. the single base change still results in the same Amino acid. its a different codon but still proceeds the same amino acid.
explain non conservative missence mutation
minor. Its similar properties, but will change some of the structure and som of its function.
explain nonsense mutation
its shorter undeveloped protein. it is incomplete. its a mutation that becomes a stop codon.
explain frameshift mutations
mutation where the nucleotide is inserted or deleted. because codons are a group of three, changing this will change how the ribosome can read the sequence
how does cystic fibrosis occur
there’s a structural change that causes the channel to be blocked. mucus builds up and cannot be removed. its through nonsense or nonconservative missense. its a misfodl in protein because of single amino acid deletion and single base mutations .
explain what population genetics is
changes in genetics without external forces
explain what the hardy Weinberg equilibrium
allele and genotype frequency will remain the same without external forces
what are the changes that need to happen to create a change in population genetics
- natural selection
- mutation
migration
-non random mating
genetic drift
meiotic rive
whats the difference between allele frequency and gene frequency
alelle: each gene has two alleles
genotype: combination of alleles.
what is the Allele frequency equation
p plus q = 1
what is the genotype frequency equation
p squared (homozygous dominant) + 2pq (heterozygous) + q squared (homozygous recessive) = 1
p = frequency of allele A
q = frequency of allele A
if calculations frequencies are similar to the actual numbers in a population, then the population is at Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (hasn’t changed)
