Flashcards in Glucose Lecture Deck (45)
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1
Ketones
by products of fats that are used to make energy instead of glucose
2
Ketoacidosis
when the body has a pH less than 7.35 due to the abundance of ketones
3
ketoniemia
ketones present in the blood
4
Ketonuria
ketones in the urine
5
OGTT
oral glucose tolerance test
6
GDM
gestational diabetes mellatius
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Carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/ either an aldehyde or ketone configuration
major energy supply
monosaccharides- glucose, fructose, galactos
disaccharides - sucrose (glucose & fructose), lactose (glucose & galactose), maltose (2 glucose)
polysaccharides- glycogen, starch
8
Amylase
gland in saliva that helps break down starches
stomach acids denature the salivary enzymes
9
Metabolism of CHO
begins w/ salivary amylase -> stomach acids -> disaccharides in the intestines (lactase, maltase, sucrase bc GI only absorbs monosaccharides) -> monos absorbed-> glucose stored in fat cells or utilized in other cells
10
Glucose pathways
glucose-6-phosphate :
embden-myerhof pathway (glycolysis)
hexose monophosphate pathway
convert moiety to glycogen
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Glycogenesis
conversion of glucose to glycogen
12
Glycogenolysis
conversion of glycogen to glucose
13
Gluconeogensis
glucose from non-CHO sources : amino acids etc
14
Glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate or lactate
15
Glucose clinical reference
ranges : ~80-100 mg/dL
>125 mg/dL during fasting -> suspect diabetes
hemolyzed specimen can alter lab results
16
insulin
decreases blood glucose (hypoglycemic agent) via aiding in the uptake of glucose into the cells
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glucagon
increases blood glucose (hyperglycemic agent)
uses glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels
18
Epinephrine effect on blood glucose
glucose will increase
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glucocorticoids (cortisol) effect on blood glucose
stimulates gluconeogenesis particularly to increase blood glucose levels
cortisol breaks down protein so the amino acids will be converted to glucose
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growth hormone effect on blood glucose
pituitary hormones
increases blood glucose
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ACTH effect on blood glucose
pituitary hormone
stimulates cortisol release (increases)
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Thyroxine (T4) effect on blood glucose
increases blood glucose
can speed up metabolism & a loss of T4 can decrease metabolism & can also aid in absorption of glucose in GI tract
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Somatostatin effect on blood glucose
can influence growth hormone (ergo increase blood glucose); also known as IGF
protein produced from the liver
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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
insulin deficiency, often autoimmune destruction of beta cells of pancreas
affects about 10% of diabetic population
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chronic disease effects of diabetes
eyes- retinopathy: optic nerve is especially susceptible to excess glucose
kidneys- renal disease & nephropathy
blood vessels - peripheral neuropathy
ketoacidosis- not enough insulin to utilize glucose & cells start to break down fats
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general diabetic symptoms
polydipsia - thirst
polyphagia- increased food consumption
polyuria - increased urine production
rapid weight loss
hyperventilation
mental confusion ( brain is only getting ketones)
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Lab testing for diabetes
fasting glucose >100 mg/dL
urine sp. gravity
serum & urine osmolalities
ketones present
blood & urine pH from ketoacidosis
electrolyte imbalance
hemoglobin A1c
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Diabetes type 2
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
may be obesity related
affects 90% of diabetic population
often lack of adequate insulin-receptors on cells or lack of adequate insulin synthesis
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Glucose analyzer methods
2 major reactions
B-D-glucose + O2 -(glucose oxidase)-> D-glucono-&-lactone ---> gluconic acid + H2O2
use perxoide produced in 2nd reaction:
H2O2 + chromogen --(peroxidase)-->ox-chromogen +H2O2
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