Flashcards in Glucose Lecture Deck (45)
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1
Ketones
by products of fats that are used to make energy instead of glucose
2
Ketoacidosis
when the body has a pH less than 7.35 due to the abundance of ketones
3
ketoniemia
ketones present in the blood
4
Ketonuria
ketones in the urine
5
OGTT
oral glucose tolerance test
6
GDM
gestational diabetes mellatius
7
Carbohydrates
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/ either an aldehyde or ketone configuration
major energy supply
monosaccharides- glucose, fructose, galactos
disaccharides - sucrose (glucose & fructose), lactose (glucose & galactose), maltose (2 glucose)
polysaccharides- glycogen, starch
8
Amylase
gland in saliva that helps break down starches
stomach acids denature the salivary enzymes
9
Metabolism of CHO
begins w/ salivary amylase -> stomach acids -> disaccharides in the intestines (lactase, maltase, sucrase bc GI only absorbs monosaccharides) -> monos absorbed-> glucose stored in fat cells or utilized in other cells
10
Glucose pathways
glucose-6-phosphate :
embden-myerhof pathway (glycolysis)
hexose monophosphate pathway
convert moiety to glycogen
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Glycogenesis
conversion of glucose to glycogen
12
Glycogenolysis
conversion of glycogen to glucose
13
Gluconeogensis
glucose from non-CHO sources : amino acids etc
14
Glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate or lactate
15
Glucose clinical reference
ranges : ~80-100 mg/dL
>125 mg/dL during fasting -> suspect diabetes
hemolyzed specimen can alter lab results
16
insulin
decreases blood glucose (hypoglycemic agent) via aiding in the uptake of glucose into the cells
17
glucagon
increases blood glucose (hyperglycemic agent)
uses glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels
18
Epinephrine effect on blood glucose
glucose will increase
19
glucocorticoids (cortisol) effect on blood glucose
stimulates gluconeogenesis particularly to increase blood glucose levels
cortisol breaks down protein so the amino acids will be converted to glucose
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growth hormone effect on blood glucose
pituitary hormones
increases blood glucose
21
ACTH effect on blood glucose
pituitary hormone
stimulates cortisol release (increases)
22
Thyroxine (T4) effect on blood glucose
increases blood glucose
can speed up metabolism & a loss of T4 can decrease metabolism & can also aid in absorption of glucose in GI tract
23
Somatostatin effect on blood glucose
can influence growth hormone (ergo increase blood glucose); also known as IGF
protein produced from the liver
24
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
insulin deficiency, often autoimmune destruction of beta cells of pancreas
affects about 10% of diabetic population
25
chronic disease effects of diabetes
eyes- retinopathy: optic nerve is especially susceptible to excess glucose
kidneys- renal disease & nephropathy
blood vessels - peripheral neuropathy
ketoacidosis- not enough insulin to utilize glucose & cells start to break down fats
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general diabetic symptoms
polydipsia - thirst
polyphagia- increased food consumption
polyuria - increased urine production
rapid weight loss
hyperventilation
mental confusion ( brain is only getting ketones)
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Lab testing for diabetes
fasting glucose >100 mg/dL
urine sp. gravity
serum & urine osmolalities
ketones present
blood & urine pH from ketoacidosis
electrolyte imbalance
hemoglobin A1c
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Diabetes type 2
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
may be obesity related
affects 90% of diabetic population
often lack of adequate insulin-receptors on cells or lack of adequate insulin synthesis
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Glucose analyzer methods
2 major reactions
B-D-glucose + O2 -(glucose oxidase)-> D-glucono-&-lactone ---> gluconic acid + H2O2
use perxoide produced in 2nd reaction:
H2O2 + chromogen --(peroxidase)-->ox-chromogen +H2O2
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