GRADE 10 SCIENCE EXAMM Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
how to find the number of neutrons
A
Mass Number- Number of protons
2
Q
what is Homogeneous Mixture
A
You can’t see the different layers
- Salt in water (it’s mixed so well, you can’t see the salt).
3
Q
what is heterogeneous Mixture
A
You can see the separate parts
Example: Salad (you can see the veggies and dressing separately).
4
Q
how to know if its a chemical change
A
-new colour that isn’t supposed to happen
-bubbles of gas
-heat or light
5
Q
how to know if it’s a Physical change
A
textural change, shape, size, volume and density
6
Q
reactive perodic table
A
Metals: Most reactive → Group 1 (Alkali metals), increasing reactivity as you go down the group.
Non-metals: Most reactive → Group 17 (Halogens), increasing as you go up the group.
Noble gases: Least reactive.
7
Q
what happens when the indicator Blue Litmus paper enters an acid, neutral or base solution
A
acid- turns red
neutral- nothing happens
base- nothing happens
8
Q
what happens when the indicator Red Litmus paper enters an acid, neutral or base solution
A
acid- nothing happens
neutral-nothing happens
base- turns blue
9
Q
what happens when the indicator phenolphthalein enters an acid, neutral or base solution
A
acid- nothing happens
neutral-nothing happens
base-turns pink
10
Q
what happens when the indicator bromothymol blue enters an acid, neutral or base solution
A
acid-turns yellow
neutral- turns green
base-turns blue
11
Q
what happens when the universal indicator enters an acid, neutral or base solution
A
acid- turns red
neutral- turns green
base-turns purple
12
Q
what happens when the indicator PH paper enters an acid, neutral or base solution
A
acid- turns pink
base-turns yellow
neutral- turns brown
13
Q
How to name binary acids
A
-Add the prefix “hydro”
-write the root of the non-metal name
-add “ic”
- add the ending acid
-if you see (g) write like it’s ionic metal+non-metal+ide
14
Q
how to name oxyacids
A
using polyatomic ions
-write the name of the polyatomic (anion) if it ends with “ate” replace with “ic”
-if it ends with “ite” replace with “ous”
-add acid at the end
15
Q
How to name bases
A
-Once you see “OH” you know its a base
-name the metal
-add the word hydroxide
16
Q
how do bonds form when something is ionic
A
electrons are transferred
17
Q
how do bonds form when something is covalent
A
electrons are shared
18
Q
what is the state of something ionic
A
-consists of ions
-hard but brittle
-solid at room temp
-odourless
-crystal lattice
19
Q
what is the state of something covalent
A
-consists of molecules
-solid, liquid, gas at room temp
-sometimes has odour.
20
Q
melting/boiling point of something ionic
A
-high melting point + boiling point
-requires more energy to break -crystal lattice structure
21
Q
melting/boiling point of something covalent
A
-low melting + boiling point
22
Q
solubility of something ionic
A
-most are soluble
23
Q
solubility of something covalent
A
-some are soluble
24
Q
conductivity of something ionic
A
-conduct electricity when dissolved in water (electrolytes)
25
conductivity of something covalent
-Does not conduct electricity
26
why aren't covalent compounds conductive (what is needed for electricity to flow)
Electricity needs charged particles (ions + electrons) to flow
-covalent compounds are made from molecules
-they share electrons
-because of this their is no movement
27
what are the 7 diatomic elements
Hydrogen2
oxygen2
fluorine
Bromine2
iodine2
nitrogen2
chlorine2
28
what is the law of conservation of mass
the mass of reactants equal the mall of the products
29
Formula for Synthesis
A+B ---> AB
Element+ Element ---> Compound
30
Formula for decomposition
AB ------> A+B
Compound ---> Element+ Element
31
formula for single displacement
"In a single displacement reaction, one element replaces another element in a compound, a metal replaces a metal and a non-metal replaces a non-metal
-following the general formula A + BC → AC + B."
32
formula for double displacement
AB+ CD --> AD + CB
33
Formula for combustion
Cx Hy + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O
x and y= numbers
34
formula for incomplete combustion
CxHy + O2 ---> CO + C + H2O
35
formula for neutralization
ACID + BASE --> SALT + WATER
36
properties of acids
-taste sour
-ph less then 7
-do not feel slippery
-Release hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution
-reacts with metal to produce a compound and hydrogen gas
37
properties of bases
-taste bitter
-does feel slippery
-ph greater then 7
-release hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solution
-does not react w metals
38
common properties of acids and bases
-dissolve in water
-conduct electricity in aqueous solution
-can irritate or burn skin
-both acids and bases dissolve in water and create anions
39
The electromagnetic Spectrum
-Radio -longest wave length
-Microwave
-Infread
-Visible
-Ultraviolet
-X-ray
-Gamma ray- shortest wave length but highest frequency
40
radio waves uses
- TV signals
-Cellphone communication
-AM/FM Radio
41
microwaves uses
-Microwave ovens
-Radar
-Cell phone towers
42
Infared light uses
-Heat lamps (keeping food warm)
-Remote controls
-Physical therapy (muscle healing )
43
visible light uses
-Human vision
-rainbows
44
ultraviolet uses
-Sterilization
-Tanning beds
-"black light"
45
x-rays uses
-medical images
-detecting cancer
-security equipment
46
Gamma rays
-Cancer treatment
47
are most object luminous or non-luminous
non-luminous
48
what is luminous
-produces light
-emits its own light
-Examples: light bulb, fire, star
49
what is non-luminous
-reflects light
-does not produce any light
-Examples: Mirror, moon
50
what is the speed of light
3.00 × 10⁸ m/s
51
what is incandescence
when light is produced from heat
-Waste a-lot of energy
-inefficient
example: fire
52
what is electric discharge
When you run electricity through a noble gas it produces light
-Neon signs (opening signs)
53
what is phosphorescence
The production of light by absorbing ultraviolet light and slowing emitting it as visible light
-glow in the dark
54
what is fluorescence
The production of light by absorbing ultraviolet light and immediately emitting it as visible light
-highlighter
55
what is chemiluminescence
Production of light through a chemical reaction
-glow sticks (when you mix the chemicals light is produced)
56
what is bioluminescence
the production of light in the same way as chemiluminescence, but occurring inside a living organism
-fire fly
-glow fish
57
what is triboluminescence
production of light by rubbing or crushing certain crystals together
-life savers
58
What is light emitting diode
the production of light as a result if passing on electric current through a semiconductor
-LED light
59
what is a laser
producing light which focuses to a narrow point and travels in a straight line.
-Laser
60
what is 1 law of reflection
angle of incidence= angle of reflection
61
what is specular reflection
Surface: Smooth and shiny
Reflection: Light rays reflect at the same angle
Result: You see a clear image
62
what is diffuse reflection
Surface: Rough or uneven
Reflection: Light rays reflect in many directions
Result: No clear image, just scattered light
63
rules when measuring distance and hight of a plane mirror
do= -di
ho = hi
64
what is the SALT of a plane mirror
S= same
A= upright (lateral inversion)
L= same
T= virtual
65
SALT of concave mirror before C
Size: smaller
Attitude: inverted
Location: btwn c and f
Type: real
66
SALT of concave mirror at C
Size: same
Attitude: inverted
Location: same (at c)
Type: real
67
SALT of concave mirror between C & F
Size: larger
Attitude: inverted
Location: beyond c
Type: real
68
SALT of concave mirror on F
No image formed
69
SALT of concave between F & V
Size: larger
Attitude: upright
Location: behind mirror
Type: virtual
70
SALT of convex mirror
Size: smaller
Attitude: upright
Location: behind mirroe
Type: virtual
71
when drawing mirrors how do you known when distance is negative
if its behind the mirror its negative
72
when drawing mirrors how to know when the height is negative
if its inverted
73
what is refraction of light?
Light bends as it travels from one medium to a different medium
74
Refraction terminology. what is a refracted ray and an angle of refraction?
Refracted ray: the ray that is bent when entering a second medium
Angle of refraction: the angle between the normal and the refracted ray
75
if something is going from high to low density medium where does the refracted ray go
Light speeds up AWAY from the normal
76
if something is going from low to high density medium where does the refracted ray go
light slows down TOWARDS the normal
77
for thin lens equations how do you know when Di is negative or positive
-positive for real images
-negative for virtual images
78
for thin lens equations how do you know when F is negative or positive
-postive for converging
-negative for diverging
79
for magnification when is ho and hi and M negative or positive
-positive for an upright or upward image
-negative for an inverted or downward image
80
what is the function of the Cornea
focuses and bends (refracts) light as it enters the eye.
81
what is the function of the Pupil
controls the amount of light entering the eye.
82
what is the function of the Iris
Muscle that adjusts the size of the pupil to control light entry.
83
what is the function of the lens
Focuses light onto the retina allowing us to see clearly
84
what is the function of the retina
Receives the image formed by light and sends signals to the brain.
85
what is the function of the Vitreous Humour
Maintains eye shape and lets light pass through to the retina
86
cell theory
-All living things are composed of cells
-Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living thing
-New cells are produced from existing cells
87
What are prokaryotes cells
-Single cells
-Smaller
-No nucleus
-Lack of organelles
-Oldest type of cell
88
What are eukaryotes cells
-Evolved from prokaryotes
-Large and complex
-has nucleus
-has organelles
-multi cell and single cell
89
what do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common
-Have DNA
-Have ribosomes
-have cytoplasm
-Have plasma membrane
90
what is the nucleus
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-Found in both
-control center for all activity
-surrounded by a nuclear membrane
-holds DNA
91
what is the Nucleolus
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-Found in both
-surrounds the nucleus
-where ribosomes are formed
92
what is centrioles
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-found in Animal Cells
-cylinder shaped cell structure
-support, movement, communication between cells
-helps with cell division
93
what is cytoplasm
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-found in both
-A clear, thick jelly-like substance
-holds organelles in place
94
what is a cell membrane
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-found in both
-thin flexible layer around the cell
-controls what enters and leaves
95
what is a cell wall
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-found in Plant cells
-Rigid outer layer surrounding the cell membrane
-Provides support and protection
-prevents cell from collapsing
96
what is a vacuole
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-Found in both
-A clear large, fluid-filled sac
-storage area for food, minerals and waste
-helps with digestion
97
what is lysosomes
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-found in animal cells
-contains enzymes that break down materials
-known as the "garbage disposal"
98
what is a mitochondria
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-Found in both
-produces energy for all cell activity
- by breaking down sugar, fats and other fuels
- know as the "power house"
99
what is ribosomes
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-Found in both
-tiny dots that float on the RER
-creates protein
100
what is endoplasmic reticulum
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-Found in both
-folded tubes next to nucleus
-moves materials around the cell
101
what is golgi apparatus
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-Found in both
-tube like structure that have tiny sacs at their ends
-modifies and packages proteins and other large molecules
-transports materials within the cell
102
what is chloroplast
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function
-Found in plant cells
-Has internal stacks of membranes
-absorbs sunlight to make glucose
-sight of photosynthesis
103
describe a typical red blood cell
-All red blood cells have the same shape
-does not reproduce
-no nucleus
-biconcave disc
-carrys oxygen throughout your body
104
for the nervous system what is the function of a neuron and does it have a nucleus
-Neurons have a nucleus
-they are nerve cells
-sends and receives electrical signals
105
Parts of the Neuron
What is cell body
-Contains nucleus
-Center of cell
106
Parts of the Neuron
what are Dendrites
receiving signals from other neurons
107
Parts of the Neuron
what is Axon
passes signals to other neurons
108
Digestive system/ Secretory cell
what are Chief Cells
Chief cells help your stomach digest food by producing digestive enzymes of gastric juice
109
Digestive system/ Secretory cell
what are parietal cells
Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid which helps break down food and kill bacteria
110
what do goblet cells secrete and why?
Goblet cells secrete sticky mucus which trap germs
111
explain how goblet cells and cilia work together
Goblet cells make mucus to trap dirt, and cilia sweep the mucus (with dirt) out of your airways.
112
what is the function of muscle cells
Muscle cells will contract and move parts of your body when you wish them to
113
What are voluntary cells what is the function
-helps you move the parts of your body that you want to
-controlled by your brain
114
What are involuntary cells what is function
-smooth muscle
-involuntary cells does movements automatically without you thinking about it
115
what is the function of bone cells
Bone cells help build, maintain, and repair bones keeping them strong and healthy
116
What two elements are essential for the formation of strong bones
Calcium and phosphorus
117
in a sperm what is the minimal cytoplasm
Minimal cytoplasm reduces the cell's size/ weight allowing it to swim faster towards the egg
118
in a sperm what is the flagellum
the flagellum is the tail which helps the sperm swim
119
in a sperm what is the mitochondria
the many mitochondria produce energy needed for the tail to move giving the sperm power to move
120
in a sperm what is the acrosome
the acrosome contains enzymes that help the sperm break through the outer layer of the egg
121
what is the structure of DNA called
double helix
122
what is DNA
-makes up exactly who we are
-a genetic code and everything in your body carries this code
123
what is a gene
-determines physical properties
-section of DNA
-provides instruction for making proteins
124
how many chromosomes are in the human body
46 organized into 23 pairs
125
what are the four chemicals that make up DNA
and how are they paired
-Adenine
-Thymine
-Cytosine
-Guanine
A-T
C-G
126
what is the relationship among DNA, gene, protein
DNA contains gene's and gene's help build protein
127
why do cells divide
1. Growth: to increase amount of cells in the body
2. Repair: to replace dead, old or damaged cells
3. Reproduction: can make exact clones (copy)
128
Three Main Phases
1. Interphase-cell repairs any damages, grows and prepares for division
2. Mitosis- division of the cell DNA
3. Cytokinesis- Splitting of the cell into 2 identical cells
129
what is the part in the middle of a chromosome called
centromere
130
3 steps in interphase
1. G1- growth
2. Synthesis- DNA replication
3. G2- prep for mitosis
131
what is the purpose of interphase
to double the amount of DNA in a cell
132
what are the 4 phases of Mitosis
1.Prophase
2.Metaphase
3.Anaphase
4.Telophase
133
what happens in prophase
-The nuclear membrane breaks down
-the chromatin turns into chromosomes
-The centrioles move to opposite side
134
what happens in metaphase
- Spindle fibers extend and connect to the chromosomes at the centromere
-chromosomes are lined on the equator
-Longest phase
135
what happens in anaphase
-Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell
-shortest phase
136
what happens in telophase
-Two nuclear membranes reforms
-Cell starts to divide at cleavage furrow
137
what happens in Cytokinesis
-Chromosomes go back to chromatin
-the rest of the cell splits into two identical daughter cells.
138
"contains the ocular lens and supports the objective lenses" is an example of what part of the microscope
body tube
139
"supports the slide and allows light to pass through central opening" is an example of what part of the microscope
stage
140
"provides light, which is directed through the specimen" is an example of what part of the microscope
light source
141
"move the body tube up or down to get the object into focus. is only used with the low power objective lens" is an example of what part of the microscope
Coarse adjustment knob
142
"Controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen"
is an example of what part of the microscope
Diaphragm
143
"magnifies the specimen" is an example of what part of the microscope
objective lenses
144
"holds slide in position on the stage" is an example of what part of the microscope
stage clips
145
"the part you look through: also magnifies" is an example of what part of the microscope
ocular lens
146
"supports the objective lenses and rotates to change the magnification" is an example of what part of the microscope
revolving nosepiece
147
"move the body tube to achieve a sharp focus and resolution" is an example of what part of the microscope
Fine adjustment knob
148
what happens in cytokinesis for animals
-cell membrane pinches inwards which is called cleavage furrow to form 2 cells
149
what happens in cytokinesis for plants
-The cell plate divides the cell into 2 cells.
150
what are osteoblasts
-type of bone cells
-builds new bones
151
what are osteocytes
-type of bone cells
-maintain bone structure
152
what are osteoclasts
-bone cells
-break down old bones
153
Explain the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid.
Chromosome – duplicated DNA held together by a centromere
Chromatid – single copy of DNA
154
what is apoptosis
how cells destroy them selfs when damaged or unneeded
155
what is angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the process of making new blood vessels.
Tumors use angiogenesis to grow blood vessels toward themselves so they can steal oxygen and nutrients from the body. This helps the tumor grow and get bigger.
156
what is metastasis
where cancer cells spread to other parts of body
157
what are the 3 ways cancer can spread and explain each point
1. Metastasis- cancer cells are spreading to other parts of your body
2. Through the bloodstream- cancer cells enter your blood vessels and travel to other organs
3. Lymphatic system- Cancer can spread through it by traveling in lymph fluid to other parts of the body.
158
why is screening for melanoma important?
It is the most dangerous skin cancer and if found early, can be usually cured
159
what is an endoscopy
- a way to diagnose cancer
-Using a flexible camera that goes in through the inside of your mouth with built in tissue extractor
-seeing inside of esophagus
160
what is the hierarchy for Tissues, Organs, and organ systems
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.
161
what are the 4 main types of tissue
- epithelial tissue
-Connective tissue
-Muscle tissue
-Nervous Tissue
162
what is the structure of epithelial tissue
-made up of tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces
-single or many layers
163
what is the major functions of epithelial tissue and list some examples
-Epithelial tissue allows materials to pass through the layers
-Protection
-Absorption
-Found a-lot in the kidney and glands
-Example: covers surfaces (e.g., skin, lining of organs)
164
what is the major functions of connective tissue and list some examples
-supports, protects and connects all the body's organs
-Example: Blood, fat, cartilage, tendons, bones
165
what is the major functions of muscle tissue and list some examples
muscle tissue allows us to move
-process of digestion (all muscles contracting to get food through the digestive system)
-breathing
-Examples: Smooth (involuntary – stomach, intestines)
Skeletal (voluntary – arms, legs)
Cardiac (heart)
166
what is the major functions of Nervous tissue and list some examples
-Nerve tissue transmits signals throughout your body
Example: makes up the brain and our spinal cord
167
what are the 3 main functions of the circulatory system
1. Transports
2. Regulation (body temperature)
3. protection (Fight infections)
168
The components of blood
Distinguish between plasma and formed elements what percent of each are found in blood
-plasma is made up of water and proteins
-Formed elements can be blood cells and platelets
Plasma= 55%
Formed elements 45%
169
what is the structure of arteries
-Thick elastic like walls that are extremely strong
170
what is the function of arteries
the function of arteries is to carry blood (often oxygenated) away from the heart to the rest of the body.
171
what is the structure of veins
-Thinner walls, not as strong as arteries
-inner opening
-have valves that prevent blood from flowing back
172
what is the function of veins
veins carry blood (often deoxygenated) from the body back to the heart
173
what is the function of capillaries
Capillaries distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells. After that, blood becomes deoxygenated
174
what is ingestion
food is taken into the body through your mouth
175
what is digestion
food in broken down (physically and chemically)
176
what is absorption
nutrients are transferred into the blood
177
what is elimination
Solid wastes is removed from the body
178
what does salivary glands produce and what 2 purposes do they serve
-Produce saliva
-helps moisten food
-contains amylase
179
what is amylase
an enzyme which speeds up the process of breaking down food
180
walls of esophagus contract and relax helping to move bolus into the stomach is called what
peristalsis
181
is peristalsis voluntary or an involuntary muscle
involuntary (smooth)
182
to prevent food from going down the trachea, it is closed by the ______ when swallowing
epiglottis
183
what are the two things that happen in the stomach
-Muscles churn the bolus into chyme
-hydrochloric acid is produced which activates pepsin (to break down proteins)
184
what is pepsin
breaks down proteins
185
what's physical digestion
-Grinds food with teeth
-tongue pushes food to roof of mouth
