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gram + rods Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacillus Anthracis

virulence factors

A

Anthrax toxin and capsule

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2
Q

3 types of anthracis

A

pulmonary, cutaneous, GI

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3
Q

Bacillus Anthracis

transmission

A

Spores are inhaled, injected, or ingested
MC route is cutaneous but can also be GI or inhalation
Spores hide in bristles, wool
NOT transferred from human to human

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4
Q

comet tail appearance

A

Bacillus Anthracis

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5
Q

what does Bacillus Cereus cause

A

gastroenteritis/food poisoning

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6
Q

Spores in soil & food; germinate when kept warm (think rice)

A

Bacillus Cereus

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7
Q

clostridium is aerobic/anaerobic

A

anaerobic

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8
Q

Tennis racket shaped with terminal spore at end

A

c tetani

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9
Q

C. Tetani pathogenesis is _____ mediated

A

Exotoxin

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10
Q

dx C. Tetani

A

clinical

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11
Q

early clinical findings of C tetani

A

Early: recent wound, no vaccine, irritability, restlessness, HA, low grade fever

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12
Q

c tetani triad

A

Triad: lockjaw/trismus, opisthotonos, ascending spasic paralysis
Trismus- contraction of jaw muscles and closed mouth, risus sardonicus (characteristic grimace)
Opisthotonos- arching of back

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13
Q

c tetani trmt

A

Tetanus toxoid (formaldehyde treated toxin) every 10 yrs- DTaP
Dirty wound and over 5 yrs since last booster? → immunization
Not dirty wound and booster not given in 10 yrs → booster without tetanus Ig/tetanus antitoxin
Passive active immunity

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14
Q

toxoid vaccine?

A

used when bacterial toxin is main cause of illness. Treat them with formalin (formaldehyde + sterilized H2O) ex: diphtheria and tetanus

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15
Q

Only fatal food poisoning

A

c botulism

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16
Q

Canned foods, honey, cosmetic use

A

c botulism

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17
Q

c botulism transmission

A

Spores from soil contaminate veggies and meats

Spores get into canned foods that we ingest

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18
Q

c botulism paralysis

A

descending flaccid

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19
Q

c botulism fever?

A

no

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20
Q

c botulism dx

A

clinical

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21
Q

2 forms of c botulism

A

wound and infant

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22
Q

wound botulism?

A

spores contaminate the wound and make toxins at the site; associated with drug abuse and skin popping in black tar heroin

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23
Q

infant botulism?

A

organism grows in the gut and makes toxins there (half of cases are these)

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24
Q

where is C. Perfringens in on the body

A

normal flora of colon and vagina

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25
C. Perfringens 2 types
gas gangrene and food poisoning
26
Transmission gas gangrene/myonecrosis c perfrinogens
Get in through a traumatic wound: war, automobile, septic abortions
27
Pathogenesis gas gangrene/myonecrosis c perfrinogens
Alpha toxin/lecithinase causes direct damage to cell membranes and make gas in the tissues Other toxins cause pore forming necrosis
28
transmission food poisoning perfrinogens
Ingest heat resistant spores in meat and poultry Changes intestinal membrane permeability Fluid and ion loss from superantigen
29
Pathogenesis food poisoning perfrinogens
Enterotoxin acts in the SI to cause watery diarrhea
30
Trmt gas gangrene/myonecrosis
atb, surgery
31
trmt food poisoning
NO ATB, rehydration
32
Encapsulated with D glutamate
Bacillus Anthracis
33
bacillus anthrax is motile or nonmotile
nonmotile
34
edema and lethal factor are part of
bacillus anthrax
35
edema factor?
adenylate cyclase → inc in cAMP → edema
36
lethal factor?
activates MAPk → necrosis
37
protective Ag of balillus anthrax
B subunit
38
bacillus anthrax is _____ hemolytic
gamma
39
Bacillus Cereus is aerobic/anaerobic
both
40
Bacillus Cereus is motile/nonmotile
motile
41
Enterotoxins Type 1/emetic: bacillus cereus
fried rice, potato, pasta, cheese
42
enterotoxins Type 2 (diarrheal): bacillus cereus
meat, milk, veggies, fish
43
No spores in smears
bacillus anthrax
44
Tetanolysin is part of ____ and does this
c tetani; lysis tissue around infection
45
Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin)is part of ____ and does this
c tetani; one antigenic form so we can have the toxoid vaccine
46
“Skin popping” in drug addicts
c tetani and wound botulism
47
is c tetani transmitted person to person
no
48
____ and ____ favor spore germination in c tetani
Necrotic tissue and poor blood supply
49
MC nosocomial (HA) cause of diarrhea
C. Difficile
50
Leading infectious cause of GI associated deaths in US
C. Difficile
51
c diff is aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic
52
stool toxin levels correlate with disease severity
c diff
53
what toxins does c diff make
Make toxins A and B
54
c diff sx
diarrhea → colitis
55
Pseudomembranous colitis?
yellow plaque like lesions from exotoxin cause enterocytes to die
56
what disease is pseudomembranous colitis in
c diff
57
what is c diff resistnt to
Resistant to broad spectrum ATB
58
where does c diff colonize
LI
59
when might someone get c diffe
Occurs after long term ATB therapy
60
human to human transmission in c diff?
yes
61
Toxin A- enterotoxin | in c diff
Causes inflammation and activates neutrophils | Promotes neutrophil chemotaxis
62
Toxin B- cytotoxin | in c diff
Need for virulence 10* more potent than toxin A Also promotes neutrophil chemotaxis (she said this one recruits neutrophils)
63
Inc risk if you have IL8 gene promoter
c diff
64
best at protecting against C. Diff
Serum antitoxin antibodies
65
c diff prevention
No vaccine Only take ATB when necessary Control infections by washing hands and such Probiotics
66
Club shaped V or L shaped
Corynebacterium Diphtheria and listeria monocytogenes
67
Corynebacterium Diphtheria is motile or nonmotile
nonmotile
68
Corynebacterium Diphtheria | transmission
Preventable with DTaP Humans are only natural host Airborne from respiratory tract
69
dx Corynebacterium Diphtheria
Pseudomembrane over tonsils and throat | Fever, ST, cervical adenopathy
70
Corynebacterium Diphtheria | complications
Airway obstruction Myocarditis Nerve weakness or paralysis
71
Corynebacterium Diphtheria | toxins
Diphtheria toxin with A (alpha) domain and B (binding) domain
72
Corynebacterium Diphtheria | host response
Local inflammation in the throat- pseudomembrane | Ab that neutralizes exotoxin activity
73
Botox is exotoxin
A
74
Absorbed in the gut and carried by blood to peripheral nerve synapses where it blocks the release of ACh
c botulism
75
Polypeptide encoded by lysogenic phage
c botulism
76
8 immunologic toxins (only 2 in tetanus)- MC are A, B, E
c botulism
77
what doess Listeria Monocytogenes | cause
Cause meningitis, sepsis, and gastroenteritis
78
Listeria Monocytogenes | is ____ hemolysis
Beta
79
“Cold enhancement”
Listeria Monocytogenes
80
Listeria Monocytogenes is motile/nonmotile
motile- flagella cause tumbling mvmt
81
Infection during pregnancy can be a big issue
Listeria Monocytogenes
82
Febrile gastroenteritis is caused by ______ in Listeria Monocytogenes
contaminated dairy products, undercooked meats, and ready to eat foods
83
Listeria Monocytogenes | transmission
In animals, plants, soil Fecal oral Bacteria colonize GI and GU which can cross the placenta during pregnancy Bacteremia can occur
84
internalin, listeriolysin, and ActA protein are in _____
Listeria Monocytogenes
85
internalin?
surface protein that allows adhesin and invasion
86
listeriolysin?
listeria gets in cell and destroys phagolysosome; cell mediated suppression predisposes someone to get Listeria
87
ActA protein?
actin rocket allow listeria to shoot around the cell
88
“Gram variable”- gram + cell wall but wall is so thin
Gardnerella Vaginalis
89
Older organisms lose purple color
Gardnerella Vaginalis
90
MC vaginal infection of sexually active women
Gardnerella Vaginalis
91
Gardnerella Vaginalis causes this
bacterial vaginosis
92
Causes fishy odor and white/gray vaginal discharge
bacterial vaginosis
93
inflammatory changes in bacterial vaginosis?
no
94
Gardnerella Vaginalis is NOT transmitted by
sexual activity
95
Dysbiosis
lactobacillus on normal vaginal flora are replaced by Gardnerella
96
Gardnerella Vaginalis dx
Clue cells- covered with bacteria + Whiff test- treating discharge with 10% KOH causes fishy odor Vaginal discharge has pH over 4.5
97
Gardnerella Vaginalis trmt
Metronidazole Don’t treat sexual partners No vaccine Have good GU hygiene, use latex condoms, limit sexual partners

microbiology (13 decks)

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