microbial pathogenic mechanisms

Question 1

how do microbes evade innate immunity

Answer 1

killing or avoiding being killed by microbes, interfering with ciliary action, interfering with complements alternative pathway, making iron binding molecules, blocking interferons

Question 2

how do microbes evade phagocytosis

Answer 2

inhibit lysosomal fusion, escape lysosome and grow in plasma, block interferon, inhibit opsonization and chemotaxis

Question 3

how can viruses thwart immune defneses

Answer 3

they invade tissues silently

Question 4

what viruses can infect cells for a long amt of time without adverse effects on cell viability

Answer 4

rubella, HPV, hep B, and EBV

Question 5

what viruses are shed consistently

Answer 5

EBV in saliva, hep b in blood, and egg feces in worm infections

Question 6

what viruses are shed intermittently

Answer 6

HSV, polymaviruses, typhoid bacilli, tuberle bacilli, malaria parasites

Question 7

how do microbes evade lymphocytes in adaptive immunity

Answer 7

conceal antigens, antigenic variation (change strands), and immunosuppression

Question 8

antigenic variation?

Answer 8

genetic changes in microbe like when the flu changes its strain every yr

Question 9

what are sequestered antigens

Answer 9

when viruses hide their antigens so we dont recognize them as a virus and fight them off

Question 10

ex of sequestered antigen

Answer 10

persistent latent viruses such as HSV in sensory neurons and HIV

Question 11

immune priviledged sites?

Answer 11

CNS, joints, testes and placenta where lymphocyte circulation is reduced and antibody complement is limited

Question 12

a hydatid cyst is an ____

Answer 12

immune privedaged site

Question 13

hydatid cyst?

Answer 13

cyst in lungs, liver, or brain where echinococcus granulosus live

Question 14

molecular mimicry?

Answer 14

when something in the body looks like a microbe so they body kills it but its not harmful so the host damages itself ex: gluten

Question 15

3 mechanisms for antigenic variation

Answer 15

mutation, recombination and gene switching

Question 16

major surface antigens of flu?

Answer 16

hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Question 17

which surface ag of the flu is better at inducing innate immunity

Answer 17

HA

Question 18

why do viruses cause immunosuppression

Answer 18

unknown maybe allows it to invade the host easier

Question 19

how do microbes immunosuppress?

Answer 19

infect T cells, B cells,, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Question 20

EBV infects

Answer 20

b cells

Question 21

CMV and leischmania infect

Answer 21

macrophages

Question 22

immunosuppression results in

Answer 22

impaired cell function, reduced cell division, block cytokines, and apoptosis

Question 23

superantigens?

Answer 23

bind mhc class 2 and tlr

Question 24

nonspecific polyclonal activators of t cells

Answer 24

superantigens

Question 25

nonspecific polyclonal activators of B cells

Answer 25

b cell mitogens

Question 26

when a microbe has a superantigen, the immune response is

Answer 26

unproductive and has poor antimicrobial value

Question 27

why are persistent infections important

Answer 27

latent viruses can be reactivated may be associated with chronic disease may be assoc with cancers infectious agent persists in host community

Question 28

viruses assoc. with chronic disease?

Answer 28

hep B and AIDS

Question 29

acute self limited infection

Answer 29

disease peaks then is gone ex: flu, rotavirus, whooping cough

Question 30

persistent infection with shedding

Answer 30

disease peaks then continues shedding over time ex: EBV and tapeworms

Question 31

persistent latent infection

Answer 31

disease peaks, recovers, then reactivates ex: HSV, zoster, tb, malaria

Question 32

persisten slow infection

Answer 32

slowed microbial growth then the disease with 0 inflammatory component

Question 33

who is reactivation important in

Answer 33

immunocompromised ppl such as aids, tumor, transplant, pregnancy, old age, stress

Question 34

what cancer does EBV cause

Answer 34

burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal CA, hodgkin

Question 35

what cancer does human papilloma virus cause

Answer 35

cervical ca and skin cancer

Question 36

what cancer does hep b and c cause

Answer 36

liver

Question 37

HSV2 causes

Answer 37

cervical ca

Question 38

how do we get successfu vaccines

Answer 38

inactivation of toxins without changing antigenicity

Question 39

c diptheria inhibits

Answer 39

protein synthesis

Question 40

v cholerae causes

Answer 40

hyperactivation and diarrhea

Question 41

what is diarrhea caused by

Answer 41

toxins, damage to epithelial cells, and changes in ETC

Question 42

toxins in food and sx are quick

Answer 42

food poisoning

Question 43

c tetani and c botulinism effects

Answer 43

nerve-muscle transmission

Question 44

LPS is made of

Answer 44

lipid A, polysaccharide core, and variable O polysaccharide

Question 45

lipid a?

Answer 45

does toxic activity

Question 46

polysaccharide o?

Answer 46

serologic diversity

Question 47

fever is due to

Answer 47

IL1 and TNF

Question 48

how are cytokines made

Answer 48

antigen binds to lps and macrophages release them

Question 49

endotoxic shock?

Answer 49

systemic spread of organisms

Question 50

example of endotoxic shock

Answer 50

septicemia and gram - bacteria like e coli and nisseria meningidis

Question 51

pyrogenic exotoxins are released by the bacteria in ____ inf.

Answer 51

spreptococcal

Question 52

TNF alpha serum correlates with severity of disease in

Answer 52

septic shock

Question 53

TSS?

Answer 53

staphlococcal infections of genital tract

Question 54

mediator of TSS

Answer 54

TSST1

Question 55

TSST1 acts as a

Answer 55

superantigen

Question 56

what happens when complement is activated in the pulmonary capilllaries and edema results

Answer 56

ARDS

Question 57

DIC is a feature of

Answer 57

bacterial septicemia

Question 58

tissue damaging effects of hypersensitivity are called?

Answer 58

immunopathologic