Gross Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Anatomical Planes
A
Medial, Sagittal, Frontal (Coronal), Transverse
2
Q
Medial Plane
A
vertical plane passing longitudinally through body, divides body into equal left and right parts
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Q
Sagittal Plane
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Vertical planes passing through body parallel to median plane, divides into unequal left and right parts
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Q
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
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Vertical planes passing through body at right angles to median plane, divides body into anterior and posterior parts
5
Q
Transverse Plane
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horizontal plane passing thorough body at right angle to median and frontal, divide body into inferior and superior parts
6
Q
Integumentary Systems consists of?
A
Epidermis, Dermis, Superficial fascia (Subcutaneous fascia, hypodermis)
7
Q
Epidermis
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keratine epithelium, tough outer protective layer, avascular
contains a few nerve terminals
8
Q
Superficial Fascia
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b/w dermis and deep fascia, loose CT and stored fat (is most of body’s fat storage)
contains sweat glands and superficial blood & lymphatic vessels and cutaneous nerves.
9
Q
Types of Fascias
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Superficial fascia and Deep
10
Q
Dermis
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collagen and elastic fibers, dense layer providing tone and toughness, arteries from deep surface
contains nerve terminals for pain pressure and temp, hair follicles and sebaceous glands
11
Q
Functions of Integumentary system
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Protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and storage of vitamin D
12
Q
Deep Fascia
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dense organized CT w out fat, surround muscles and neurovascular bundles, always passes bone w periosteum, limits outward expansion of contracting muscle helping to push blood out of veins as muscle compresses
13
Q
Fascial compartments
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located in limbs to contain groups of muscles with similar function and same nerve supply, separated by intermuscular septa, can contain or direct spread of infection/tumors
14
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Retinacula
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thickening of deep fascia near joints and it holds tendons in place during flex/ext
15
Q
Bursae
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closed sacs of serous membrane capable of secreting lubricating fluid, it is normally collapsed (potential space) and it can communicate with the synovial joints, when filled with fluid they become realized space.
16
Q
Types of Bursae
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Subcutaneous, Subfascial, Subtendonous, Synovial tendon sheaths
17
Q
Subcutaneous
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occurs b/w skin and bony prominence
18
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Subfascial
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lie beneath deep fascia
19
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Subtendonous
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facilitate movement of tendons over bone
20
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Synovial tendon sheaths
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specialized bursae that wrap tendons and enclose them as they pass through osseofibrous tunnels.
eg. carpal tunnel
21
Q
Collapsed bursal sacs ad Viscera
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double layer of membrane that surround important organs, has the parietal “outer” layer in contact with body wall and visceral “inner” layer in contact with organ
3 types of sacs are: pericardial - heart, pleural - lungs, and peritoneal - abdominal viscera
22
Q
Skeletal Systems two function parts
A
Axial: Skull, Hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae, ribs sternum vertebrae and sacrum
Appendicular: pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity
23
Q
Cartilage
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CT that forms skeleton requiring flexibility, avascular, articular cartilage that cover joining bone surfaces to provide smooth low friction gliding movements
24
Q
Bone
A
Functions: support, protection, mechanical basis of movement, salts (Ca 2+), supply new blood cells
living hard CT that makes up most of skeleton,
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Periosteum
fibrous CT covering that interfaces attachment of tendons and ligaments to bone
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Perichondrium
covers cartilage
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Types of Bone
Compact and spongy
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Compact bone
thin layer surrounding spongy, found where there is more weight bearing
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Spongy
central compartment of bone except where replaced by medullary cavity
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Medullary Cavity
large, numerous space within bone, contains tubercle, contains yellow fatty to red blood and platelet forming bone marrow
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Classifications of bone
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid
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Long bones
tubular
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Short bones
cuboidal and are found in ankle and wrist
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Falt bones
serve protective functions, bones of skull
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Irregular bones
have shapes others than long, short or flat. bones of face
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Sesamoid bones
develop in tendons, protect that tendon from wear, change angle of tendons as they pass attachments
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Bone Marking, what are the marks on bones
where tendons, ligaments and fascia are attached
where arteries lie adjacent to or enter the bone
where there is a passage of a tendon
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Bone parts
Diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal line, epiphyseal plate
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Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone
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Epiphysis
ends of the bone
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Epiphyseal line
where the Dia meets the Epi
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Epiphyseal plate
lined formed in fusion of Dia and Epi
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What is a joint
union, articulation or junction b/w 2 bones or rigid parts of skeleton
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Classification of joints
Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial
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Fibrous
united by fibrous tissue, movement at joint depends on how tough that tissue is.
Types: sutures, syndesmosis, dentoalveolar syndesmosis
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Sutures
interlocking along a wavy lone or overlap
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Syndesmosis
united with a sheet of fibrous tissue (ligament of fibrous membrane), partially moveable.
eg. interosseous membrane that joins radius and ulna
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Dentoalveolar syndesmosis
b/w a peg-like process and socket articulation, mobility indicate pathological state, microscopic movements give info on bite or if a particel is stuck b/w teeth.
eg. root of tooth and alveolar process
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Cartilaginous joints
united by hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
Types; primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
secondary cartilagenous joints (symphyses)
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Primary cartilaginous joint
permits slight bends at early life, usually temporary union, permit growth in length of bone, eventually calcify and fuse
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Secondary cartilaginous joint
strong slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage, provide strength shock absorption and flexibility to vertebral column.
eg. IVD or pubis sypmphysis
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Synovial Joints
most common joint, provides free movement, reinforced by accessory ligaments, may have articular discs or meniscus, united joint capsules that enclose cavity (outer fibrous layer lined by inner serous synovial membrane), joint cavity, articular cartilage covers articulating surfaces of bones.
Types: Plane, Hinge, Saddle, Condyloid, Ball and Socket, Pivot
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Joint cavity
potential space that contains small amount of lubricating synovial fluid, may communicate with bursae, periosteum investing participating bones external to joint blends with fibrous capsule.
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Plane
allow for gliding/sliding movements in plane articulating surface
ag. acromioclavicular joint
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Hinge
allow for flex/ext only in sagittal plane around single transverse axis, reinforced by collateral ligaments
eg. elbow
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Saddle
Allows for ADD/ABD as well as flex/ext around two axis at right angles to each other, can do circumduction in these two axis
eg. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
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Condyloid
allows for flex/ext and ABDADD where movement in sagittal plane is freer, can also do circumduction
eg. metacarpophalangeal or radiocarpal joint
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Ball and socket
allows for movement n multiple planes and axes along with rotation
eg. hip or shoulder
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Pivot
allow for rotation around a central axis
| eg. median atlantoaxial joint (C1 rotates around dens)
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Vasculature of Joints
articular artery arise from vessels around joint, often anastomose to form networks, to ensure flow to joint in all position when one might be impinged, located in joint capsule.
articular veins are communicating veins that accompany arteries
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Innervation of joints
Hiltons law,
Articular nerve from branches of nerves that supply muscles that cross and move joint, transmit sensory impulses that contribute to sense of proprioception, sensory never endings respond to twisting and stretching, synovial membrane is rather insensitive, fibrous layer of joint capsule and accessory ligaments have numerous pain fibers.
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Hilton's Law
states that nerves supplying a joint also supply muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments
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Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Striated Muscle, Cardiac Striated Muscle, Smooth Muscle
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Skeletal striated muscle
voluntary somatic muscle, makes up most of gross skeleton, move and stabilize bones and other structures
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Cardiac Muscle
involuntary visceral muscle, forms most of the walls of the heart and adjacent parts of the great vessels, pumps blood
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Smooth Muscle
Involuntary visceral muscle, forms walls of most vessels and hollow organs, moves substances through using coordinated sequential contractions
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Parts of the skeletal muscle
Head or bellies, Tendons, Aperneurosis
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Head or belly of muscle
Red, fleshy, contractile portion of skeletal muscle
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Tendon
white, non-contractile portions composed mainly of organized collagen that provides means of attachment
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Aponeurosis
flat sheet formed by some tendons, anchor muscles to the skeleton and/or deep fascia, may also anchor to other aponeurosis
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Naming skeletal muscles
named by where they are attached.
| Size, Shape, Location, Action, Length
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Size
gluteus maximus muscle
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Shape
Trapezius muscle
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Location
rectus abdominis
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Action
Extensor digitorum
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Length
extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis
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Classification
Flat, Fusiform, Pennate Muscle, Quadrate, Circular, multiheaded
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Flat
has parallel fibers often with aponeurosis
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Fusiform
spindle shaped with a round, thick belly and tapered end
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Pennate muscle
Unipennate- fibers on one side of tendon
Bipennate - fibers on both sides of tendon
multipennate - radiating fibers that converge on a central tendon
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Quadrate
have four equal sides
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Circular
surround body of orifice, constricting it when contracted
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Multiheaded
have more than one head of attachment or more than one contractile belly
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Attachments of muscles
Origin - proximal attachment usually remains fixed when muscle is contracted
Insertion - distal attachment and moves towards origin.
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Contraction of muscles
Reflexive contraction, Tonic contraction, Phasic contraction
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Reflexive contraction
autonomic aspect of certain skeletal muscle activity
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Tonic contraction
slight contraction present in muscles even when relaxed, creates muscle tone
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Phasic Contraction
Isometric - contracted but not moving muscle
| Isotonic - concentric and eccentric
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Muscle tone
does not produce active movement or active resistance, give muscles a certain firmness to stabilize joints, keep muscles ready to respond, not on when in deep sleep.
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Function of Muscle
Prime mover, Fixator, Synergist, Antagonist
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Actions of muscle (11)
Flex/extend, ADD/ABD, Circumduction, Rotation, Supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, Inversion/eversion, Protraction/Retraction, Elevation/Depression, Upward/Downward rotation, Radial/ulnar deviation
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Skeletal muscles vasculature
blood supply is not as constant as never supply, usually supplied by multiple arteries
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Skeletal muscles innervation
variation in nerve supply is rare, skeletal muscle is supplied by motor neurone, muscles of similar actions are contained in a common fascial compartment and share nerve
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Nervous Tissue
Neurons, Neuroglia
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Neurons
structure and units of nerves, do rapid communication, are connected by synapses
composed of: cell body, dendrites, axon.
two types of neurones: Multipolar motor neuron and pseudounipolar motor neurone.
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Synapses
point of communication between neurons
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dendrites
extension of cell body that carries impulses towards cell body
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axon
extension of cell body that carry impulses away from cell body, covered in a myelin sheath to as insulation to increase transmission
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multipolar motor neuron
two or more dendrites on a single axon, most common type of neuron, all motor neurons that control skeletal muscle and comprise the ANS
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psudounipolar motor neuron
short, apparently single process extending from cell body, peripheral - connects impulses from receptor organ towards cell body, central - continues from cell body to CNS
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Neuroglia
5X more than neurones, form major components of nervous tissue, act as support, insulation and nourishment
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Nervous Structural Divisions
Central Nervous System- consists of brain and spinal cord, integrates and coordinates, carries out the higher mental functions
Peripheral Nervous System - everything that isn't CNS, conducts impulses to or away from CNS, made up of 2 pathways SNS and ANS
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PNS
Nerve Fiber, Nerve, Ganglion
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Types of Nerves
Afferents (sensory) Fibers - convey neural impulses to CNS from sense organs, Efferent (motor) Fibers - convey neural impulses from CNS to effector organs
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Cranial Nerves
identified by descriptive name, consists of all types of fibers.
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Spinal Nerves
arise in bilateral pairs from specific spinal segment, 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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Parts of Spinal Nerve
rootlets, nerve root, Ventral nerve root, Dorsal nerve root, dorsal root ganglion, mixed spinal nerve, dorsal primary rami, ventral primary rami, somatic nerve plexus, dermatome, cutaneous nerve
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Rootlets
where the nerve initiates from spinal cord
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Nerve root
rootlets converge to form 2 nerve roots
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Ventral Nerve root
consistes of motor finer from cell bodies in anterior horn of spinal cord to effector organs located peripherally
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Dorsal Nerve Root
consists of sensory fibbers from cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion that extend peripherally to sensory and centrally to dorsal horns of spinal cord
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Dorsal Primary Rami
motor and sensory fibers, gives off medial and lateral cutaneus branches, supply synovial joints of vertebral column, deep mm. of back and overlying skin segments
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Ventral primary Rami
motor and sensory nfibers, supplies anterior and lateral regions of trunk, upper and lower limbs, majority of VPR merge with one another to form the somatic nerve plexuses
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Somatic Nerve Plexuses
Cervical - C1-4, Brachial - C5-T1, Lumbar - L1-4 and Sacral - L4-S4
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Dermatome
unilateral area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of single spinal nerve, adjacent spinal nerves overlap almost completely, at least 2 nerves need to be interrupted to produce numbness
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Cutaneous Never
carry sensory information from skin, motor innervation to glands and smooth muscles
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Somatic and visceral Fibers
General sensory fibers (general somatic afferent), General Motor fibers (general somatic efferent), Visceral sensory fibers (general visceral afferrent), Visceral motor fibers (general visceral efferent)
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General sensory fibers (general somatic afferent)
transmit sensation from body to CNS, skin - pain temp and pressure, joint - pain and proprioception
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General Motor fibers (general somatic efferent),
transmit impulses to skeletal muscles
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Visceral sensory fibers (general visceral afferrent),
transmit sensations from hollow organs or blood vessels to CNS, pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations
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Visceral motor fibers (general visceral efferent)
transmit impulses to smooth muscles and glandular tissue
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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
composed of somatic parts of CNS and PNS, sensory and motor innervation to all part of body except viscera, smooth muscles and glands, transmits pain, temp, pressure, and position, innervates only skeletal muscles
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
consists of motor fibbers, stimulate smooth muscle modified cardiac muscle and glandular cells, accompanied by visceral afferent fibers
is broken into two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Functions of Sympathetic
```
Heart - ^ HR and force contraction
Bronchi - dilate
Pupils - dilate
Digestive Tract - Inhibits peristals/ decreases blood flow
Skin Vessels - constrict
Skeletal muscle vessels - dilate
Sweat glands - ^ perspiration
Ejaculation
```
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Functions of Parasympathetic
```
Heart - decrease HR an force contraction
Bronchi 0 constrict
Pupils - constrict
Digestive tract 0 ^ peristalsis/blood flow
Skin Vessels - no effect
Skeletal muscle vessels - no effect
Sweat glands - no effect
Erection
```
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Visceral Sensation
afferent fibers hitch ride on ANS but are not part of ANS, integrated in CNS, provides info of internal environment, subconscious, can reach conscious level of pain
visceral reflex sensation - parasympathetic
visceral pain sensation - sympathetic
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Sympathetis (Thoracolumbar) Division of ANS
cell bodies located in paired intermediolateral (IML) cell columns of spinal cord - T1-L2 or L3, cell bodies for postsynaptic neurons located in two places - paravertebral ganglia and prevertebral ganglia
presynaptic motor fibers exit ventral horn, to roots, and enter VPR and enter into the sympathetic trunk via white ramus communicants and leave trunk postsyanpse via grey ramus communicants
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paravertebral gangli
grouping of neuron cells on each side of the vertebral column forming the sympathetic trunk
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prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia
in plexus that surround origins of main branches of abdominal aorta
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sympathetic trunk
presynaptic sympathetic fibers enter this trunk located on each side of vertebral column where it can do 1 of 4 things:
1. ascend to synapse in higher paravertebral ganglia, 2. descend to synapse in lower paravertebral ganglia, 3. Enter synapse immediately at that level, 4. pass through without synapsing via splachnic nerve and branch off at abdominalsplanchnic nerve
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Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers
vasomotor, pilomotor, and sudomotor
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Parasympathetic (Sacrocranial) Division of ANS
presynaptic cell bodies are located in 2 places: gray matter of brainstem - exits with cranial nerve III, VII, IX, X
gray matter of sacral segments of spinal cord S2-S4 - exit via ventral roots of spinal nerves of S2-S4 where pelvicsplanchnic nerve arises from, constitutes sacral outflow
much more limited distribution, synapse on or in wall of target organ
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cranial outflow of parasympathetic provides
head, thoracic and majority of abdominal viscera
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sacral outflow fo parasympathetic provides
supply to lower GI tract, and pelvic viscera
