Gross Anatomy Exam 3

Question 1

6 regions of the lower limb

Answer 1

Gluteal
Femoral (thigh)
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot

Question 2

Os Coxae

Answer 2

ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum

Question 3

Ilium

Answer 3

ala, iliac crest, iliac tubercle, ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS, Iliac fossa, body, posterior andterior and inferior gluteal lines, auricular surface, iliac tuberosity

Question 4

Ischium

Answer 4

body, ramus, ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, greater sciatic notch

Question 5

Pubis

Answer 5

body, superior rams, inferior ramus, symphaseal surface, pubic crest, pubic tubercle, pectin pubis

Question 6

Obturator Foramen

Answer 6

large oval opening in hip bone
surrounded by ischial and pubic rami
closed by obturator membrane creating the obturator canal

Question 7

Acetabulum

Answer 7

large cup shaped cavity on lateral aspect of hip bone
articulates with femoral head and forms hip joint
Acetabular notch, acetabular fossa, lunate surface

Question 8

Femur

Answer 8

head with fovea, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric line, intertrochanteric crest, quadrate tubercle, trochanteric fossa, shaft, line aspera - medial and lateral lips, gluteal tuberosity, pectineal line, medial and lateral supracondylar lines, medial and lateral femoral condyles, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface, adductor tubercle

Question 9

Patella

Answer 9

Base, apex and articular surface

Question 10

Tibia

Answer 10

shin bone, on antero lateral side of leg, articulates with femoral condyle superiorly, and talus inferiorly, fibular laterally, transmits body weight to foot
medial and lateral condyles, superior articular surface, intercondylar eminence, intercndylar tubercles, ant and post intercondylar areas, anterolateral tibial tubercle (Gerdy’s tubercle), tibial tuberosity, fibular articular facet, ant border of tibia, medial surface, medial malleoulus, interosseous border, fibular notch, soleal line, groove for tibialis post tendon, inferior articular surface

Question 11

Fibula

Answer 11

no function of weight bearing, articulates with tibia and talus
head, neck, shaft, ant interosseus and post borders, medial post and lateral surfaces, lateral malleolus

Question 12

Tarsals

Answer 12

Talus, calcaneus, Navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms

Question 13

Talus

Answer 13

no muscular or tendinous attachment, only bone that articulate with leg, divides body weight between calcaneus and forefoot
trochlea body, posterior process, head, neck

Question 14

Calcaneus

Answer 14

largest, strongest bone in foot
transmits majority of body weight from talus to ground
superior surface, anterior surface, fibular trochlea, sustentaculum tali, calcaneal tuberosity

Question 15

Navicular

Answer 15

flattened, boat shaped bone
b/w talus and 2 cuniforms
navicular tuberosity

Question 16

Cuboid

Answer 16

most lateral bone in distal row of tarsals
b/w calcaneus post and 4th and 5th metatarsals anteriorly
tuberosity of cuboid, groove fro tendon of fibularis longus

Question 17

Cuneiforms

Answer 17

each articulates with navicular posteriorly and base appropriate metatarsals anteriorly
medial (1st) largest
Intermediate (2nd) smallest
lateral (3rd) articulate with cuboid

Question 18

Metatarsals

Answer 18

make up forefoot, 5 numbered from medial to lateral, 1st is the shortest and 2nd is the longest
base, shaft, head

Question 19

Phalanges

Answer 19

base shaft and head

Question 20

Sacroiliac Joint

Answer 20

weight bearing compound joint b/w sacrum and iliac
syndesmosis posteriorly b/w tubercles and synovial anteriorly b/w auricular surfaces
Ligmaments
Anterior scroiliac
Interosseous sacroiliac
posterior sacroiliac
sacrotuberous
sacrospinous

Question 21

Pubic Symphysis

Answer 21

fibrocartilage disk at union of pubic bones in anterior median plane, thicker in females
Ligaments
superior pubic ligament
inferior pubis ligament

Question 22

Greater Sciatic Foramen

Answer 22

piriformis muscle
superior gluteal n.a.v.
inferior gluteal n.a.v.
internal pudendal a.v.
pudendal n.
posterior femoral cutaneous n.
sciatic n.
nerve to obturator internus and quadratus femoris

Question 23

Lesser Sciatic Foramen

Answer 23

obturator internus tendon
nerve to obturator internus
internal pudendal a.v.
pudendal n.

Question 24

Hip Joint

Answer 24

designed for stability over wide range of movement, synovial joint
connects pelvic girdle and lower limb, ball and socket b/w head of femur and acetabulum
femoral head covered with articular cartilage and acetabulum
acetabulum labrum
permits flex/ext, MR/LR, ABD/ADD and circumduction

Question 25

Ligaments of Hip Joint

Answer 25

``` transverse acetabular ligament orbicular zone ischiofemoral ligament iliofemoral ligament pubofemoral ligament ligamentum capitis femoris ```

Question 26

superior gluteal artery

Answer 26

``` from internal iliac artery anastamoses with inferior gluteal and medial femoral circumflex arteries participates in trochanteric anastamosis superficial branch deep branch ```

Question 27

inferior gluteal artery

Answer 27

from internal iliac artery anastamoses with superior gluteal artery participates in cruciate anastamosis

Question 28

Internal pudendal artery

Answer 28

from internal iliac artery passes thru gluteal region between sacrotuberous ad sacrospinous ligaments does not supply anything in gluteal region

Question 29

Profunda Femoris artery

Answer 29

from femoral artery medial femoral circuflex artery lateral femoral circumflex artery - ascending, transverse and descending branch perforating arteries - usually 4 of them the 1st participates in anastamoses with inferior gluteal artery and cruciate anastamosis

Question 30

Gluteal Veins

Answer 30

tributaries of internal iliac vein accompany corresponding arteries communicate with tributaries of femoral vein, provide alternative route for blood from lower limbic femoral vein is occluded or ligated

Question 31

Cruciate Anastamosis

Answer 31

important for keeping lower limb viable stenosis, damage or blockage of the external iliac or femoral arteries could cause series issues provides connection between internal iliac arteries and femoral arteries - via profunda femurs artery Involves the following arteries inferior gluteal artery medial femoral circumflex artery lateral femoral circumflex artery ascending and transverse 1st perforating artery of profunda femoris

Question 32

Superior Gluteal nerve

Answer 32

from VPR L4-S1 | supplies gluteus medis, minims and tensor fascia lata

Question 33

Inferior Gluteal nerve

Answer 33

from VPR L5-S2 | supplies gluteal maximus muscle

Question 34

Sciatic Nerve

Answer 34

from VPR L4-S3 | does not supply anything in the gluteal region

Question 35

Nerve to Obturator Femoris

Answer 35

from VPR L4-S1 | supplies quadratus femurs and inferior gamellus muscles

Question 36

Nerve to Obturator Internus

Answer 36

from VPR L5-S2 | supplies obturatr interns and superior gemellus muscles

Question 37

Pudendal Nerve

Answer 37

from VPR S2-4 | does not supply anything in gluteal region

Question 38

Clunial Nerve

Answer 38

superior from DPR of L1-3, supplies superior buttock middle from DPR S1-3, supply skin over sacrum and adjacent buttock inferior from posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

Question 39

Lumbosacral Plexus

Answer 39

consists of VPR from L1-L4 with inconsistent contributions from T12 formed within psoas major muscle each receives postsynaptic sympathetics via tray rami communicantes`

Question 40

Iliohyopgastric and ilioinguinal nerves

Answer 40

VPR of L1 | innervate the abdominal wall muscle and L1 derma tom anteriorly

Question 41

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

Answer 41

VPR of L2-3 enters thigh deep to inguinal ligament and medial in ASIS sensory to anterolateral skin of thigh

Question 42

Femoral Nerve

Answer 42

Posterior divisions of VPR of L2-4 passes deep to inguinal ligament and then to anterior thigh innervates the hip flexors and knee extensors, sensory to anterior and medial thigh and anteromedial leg and foot

Question 43

Genitofemoral Nerve

Answer 43

VPR of L1-L2 genital branch passes through deep inguinal ring sensory to anterolateral skin of scrotum/labia majora, motor to the cremaster muscle femoral branch passes along external iliac artery, sensory innervation over femoral triangle

Question 44

Obturator Nerve

Answer 44

anterior divisions VPR or L2-4 | motor to medial thigh muscles and sensory to medial thigh above knee

Question 45

Lumbosacral Trunk

Answer 45

VPR L4-5 | participates with S1-S4 in forming the sacral plexus

Question 46

Sacral Plexus of Nerves

Answer 46

composed of VPR of S1-S4 and lumbosacral trunk all branches except those to pelvic diaphragm leave pelvis via greater sciatic foramen above or below pelvis all branches receive tray rami commincans from sympathetic trunk

Question 47

Superior Gluteal Nerve

Answer 47

posterior divisions VPR L4-S1 enters gluteal region via greater sciatic foramen sensory to hip and motor to gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia lata

Question 48

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

Answer 48

posterior divisions VPR L5-S2 enters the gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen sensory to hip and motor to gluteus maximus muscle

Question 49

Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

Answer 49

anterior and posterior divisions of VPR S1-3 | sensory to skin of upper thigh, lateral perineum, inferior buttock, posterior thigh and popliteal fossa

Question 50

Sciatic nerve

Answer 50

anterior and posterior divisions of VPR L4-S3 located midway b/ ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter in gluteal region composed of two division: tibial (anterior div) and common fibular (posterior div) sensory to hip, knee, ankle and all foot joints, posterior and anteriolateral leg, skin of foot motor to hamstrings, hamstring portions of adductor magnus and all leg and foot muscles

Question 51

Pudendal Nerve

Answer 51

anterior divisions of VPR S2-4 exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen below piriformis muscle b/w sacrotuberour and sacrospinous ligaments enters perineum via lesser sciatic forament sensory to perineal skin, penis and clitoris motor to perineal muscles, pelivc diaphragm and external anal sphincter

Question 52

Nerve to Quadriceps Femoris

Answer 52

anterior divisions of VPR L4-S1 enters gluteal region via greater sciatic nerve sensory to hip and motor to quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus

Question 53

Nerve to Obturator Internus

Answer 53

posterior divisions of VPR L5-S2 exits pelvis via greater sciatic foramen and enter pelvis via lesser sciatic foramen sensory to hip and motor to superior gemellus and obturator internus muscles

Question 54

Fascia Lata

Answer 54

continuous superiorly with: anteriorly with the inguinal ligament pubic arch body of pubis and pubic tubercle, posteriorly and lateral with iliac crest, and posterior medial with sacrum coccyx sacrotuberous ligament and ischial tuberosity ischopubic ramu conituous inferiorly with: exposed parts of bone around knee, popliteal fascia, deep fascia of leg inferior to the knee Thickens laterally to form Iliotibial band: -shared aponeurosis of tensor fascia lat a and glutes maximus -from iliac tubercle to anterolateral tubercle of tibia (gerdy's tubercle)

Question 55

3 compartments of Fascia Lata

Answer 55

Anterior, Medial and Posterior | Septa of compartments: Lateral is the strongest, Medial and an unnamed

Question 56

Saphenous Opening

Answer 56

gap or hiatus inferior to medial part of inguinal ligament has smooth medial margin superior, lateral and inferior margins form a sharp crescentic edge - falciform margin, joined at the medial margin by cruciform fascia -localied membranous tissue that closes saphenous opneing pierced by numerous openings for lymphatic vessels and great saphenous vein

Question 57

Posterior Thigh

Answer 57

have common origin cross hip and knee joints share common insertion supplied by perforating branches of profunda femurs artery

Question 58

Inferior Gluteal Artery

Answer 58

from the internal iliac artery | supplies the superior part of hamstrings

Question 59

Perforating Arteries

Answer 59

from the profunda femoris artery | supply hamstring muscles

Question 60

Perforating Veins

Answer 60

accompany arteries of same name drain to profunda femoris vein communicate superiorly with inferior gluteal vein and inferiorly with popliteal vein

Question 61

Sciatic Nerve

Answer 61

from VPR L4-S3 descends in posterior thigh deep to biceps femoris muscle composed of 2 divisions

Question 62

Tibial Division of Sciatic Nerve

Answer 62

L4-S3 | supplies the true hamstrings

Question 63

Common Fibular Division of Sciatic Nerve

Answer 63

L4-S2 | supplies short head of biceps femoris muscle

Question 64

Posterio Cunteous Nerve of the Thigh

Answer 64

from VPR S1-3 | supplies skin over posterior thigh and popliteal fossa

Question 65

Anterior Thigh Muscles

Answer 65

generally innervated by femoral nerve contains flexors of hip and extensors of knee includes pectinous, iliopsoas, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris supplied by femoral and profunda femoris arteries

Question 66

Medial Thigh Muscles

Answer 66

comprises the adductor group includes adductor longs, brevis and magnus and gracillis muscles all supplied by obturator nerve, except hamstring part of adductor magnus muscle supplied by obturator artery (anterior or posterior)

Question 67

Adductor Hiatus

Answer 67

opening b/w distal attachments of two adductor magnus parts located just lateral and superior to adductor tubercle Transmits femoral artery and vein to/from adductor canal to/from popliteal fossa Does not contain saphenous nerve

Question 68

Femoral Artery

Answer 68

direct continuation of external iliac artery distal to inguinal ligament and primary a of lower limb this is one of 4 places to take a pulse passes thru the femoral triangle lateral to femoral v. branches into descending genicular artery before adductor hiatus trerminates as it traverses adductor hiatus to become the politeal artery

Question 69

Superficial Circumflex iliac artery

Answer 69

from the femoral artery just past inguinal l. | parallels inguinal l. towards ASIS

Question 70

Superficial Epigastric Artery

Answer 70

from femoral artery | runs subcutaneously towards umbilicus

Question 71

Superficial and Deep External Pudendal Arteries

Answer 71

from femoral artery | runs to skin of scrotum and labia majora

Question 72

Profunda Femoris Artery

Answer 72

from lateral or posterior side of femoral artery chief artery of thigh gives rise to; medial femoral circumflex artery- supplies blood to the head and neck of femur is involved in cruciate anastamosis lateral femoral circumflex artery - mainly supplies the lateral thigh muscles divides into ascending (cruciate anastamosis), transverse (cruciate anastamosis), descending (genicular anastamosis) gives of 3 perforating arteries and the 4 terminates it 1st perforating is involved in cruciate anastamosis traverses the adductor canal and branches off to

Question 73

Descending Genicular Artery

Answer 73

beaches off the femoral artery just before femoral artery passes thru adductor hiatus participates in genicular anastamosis

Question 74

Obturator Artery

Answer 74

from the internal iliac artery 20% branch from inferior epigastric, accessory or replacement obturator arteries Divides into the anterior branch of obturator artery and posterior branch of obturator artery Also forms the ace tabular branch which supplies the head of femur thru the ligament to the head of the femur

Question 75

Great Saphenous Vein

Answer 75

from medial spect of dorsal venous arch ascends anteriorly to medial malleolus passes posteriorly at medial femoral condyle, found in subcutaneous tissue of medial thigh traverses saphenous opening, drains into femoral vein

Question 76

Accessory Saphenous Vein

Answer 76

joining of medial and posterior thigh tributaries | when present is main communication b/w saphenous veins

Question 77

Femoral Vein

Answer 77

direct continuation of popliteal vein as it traverses adductor hiatus ascends thru adductor canal enters femoral sheath lateral to femoral canal becomes external iliac vein posterior to inguinal ligament

Question 78

Lymphatics

Answer 78

pass the superficial inguinal nodes then to external iliac nodes

Question 79

Femoral Nerve

Answer 79

from posterior divisions VPR L2-4 located in the femoral triangle Femoral cauda equina- collective name for numerous branches of femoral nerve found in femoral triangle supplies anterior compartment muscles

Question 80

Saphenous Nerve

Answer 80

comes from the femoral nerve runs in the adductor canal but does not pass thru the adductor hiatus does not supply anything in the thigh but it does in the leg

Question 81

Anterior Cutaneous branch

Answer 81

Gives rise to the medial cutaneous branch and the intermediate cutaneous branch

Question 82

Obturator Nerve

Answer 82

from anterior division of VPR L2-4 exits the obturator canal, divides into the anterior and posterior branches that are separated by adductor brevis muscle Ant. branch supplies longs, brevis and gracilic Post. branch supplies brevis, and adductor part of adductor magnus and obturator externus Sensory to skin of medial thigh just above knee

Question 83

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

Answer 83

From VPR L2-3 | supplies skin on anterior and lateral thigh

Question 84

Genitofemoral Nerve

Answer 84

From VPR L1-2 | Femoral branch supplies the skin over lateral femoral triangle

Question 85

Ilioinguinal Nerve

Answer 85

From VPR L1 | supplies the skin of upper medial thigh

Question 86

Femoral Triangle

Answer 86

located inferior to inguinal ligament N.A.V.L. boundaries: base - inguinal l. medial border - lateral border of adductor longs lateral border - sartorius m. Floor - pectinous m and iliopsoas m Roof - fascia lata, cribriform fascia, subcutaneous tissue, skin contains: femoral n., femoral a., femoral v. and deep inguinal lymph nodes and vessels

Question 87

Retro Inguinal space

Answer 87

is deep to the inguinal ligament divided into 2 compartments by iliopectineal arch thickening of iliopsoas fascia from inguinal l. to iliopubic eminence two compartments are lacuna musculorum and lacuna vasculorum

Question 88

Lacuna Musculorum

Answer 88

lateral compartment outside femoral sheath lateral to fermoral artery contains the iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve

Question 89

Lacuna Vasculorum

Answer 89

``` medial compartment encloses femoral sheath contains femoral a. and several branches femoral v. and tributaries deep inguinal lymph nodes and lymph vessels weak area and site of femoral hernia ```

Question 90

Femoral Sheath

Answer 90

funnel shaped fascial tube lines lacuna vasculorum formed by transversals fascia and iliopsoas fascia in abdomen terminates inferiorly by blending with adventitia of femoral vessels encloses proximal parts of femoral vessels and creates femoral canal medial to them allows femoral a. and v. to glide deep to inguinal l. Divided into 3 compartments; lateral, intermediate and medial

Question 91

Lateral Compartment of Femoral Sheath

Answer 91

for the femoral artery

Question 92

Intermediate Compartment of Femoral Sheath

Answer 92

for the femoral vein

Question 93

Medial Compartment of Femoral Sheath

Answer 93

constitutes femoral canal where lymphatics pass and site of herniation

Question 94

Femoral Canal

Answer 94

b/w medial edge of femoral sheath and femoral vein extends to level of saphenous opening allows femoral vein to expand in temporary stasis and times of increase venous return from lower limb contains loose CT and lymphatics base of canal is femoral ring

Question 95

Femoral ring

Answer 95

small opening at proximal end of femoral canal closed extra peritoneal fat and parietal peritoneum pierced by lymphatics b/w inguinal and external iliac nodes

Question 96

Adductor Canal

Answer 96

also know as sub sartorial canal or Hunters Canal narrow passageway in middle of thigh extends from apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus Passage for: femoral a. and v., saphenous n. and N. to vastus medialis Boundaries: Anteriorly and laterally - vastus medialis, Posteriorly - adductor longus and magnus, Medially - sartorius muscle Anteromedial intermuscular septum - b/w adductors longus and magnus and vastus medialis miscles, adductor hiatus is located inferior to this structure

Question 97

Knee Joint

Answer 97

function commonly impaired with hyperextension stability depends on: strength and actions of surrounding mm. and tt., the most important is quadriceps femurs (vastus medialis and lateralis) ligaments connect femur and tibia fibula has no articulation with femur permits flex/ext, slight medial and lateral rotation (with flexed knee) Features: hinge type synovial joint Consists of 3 articulations- 2 femorotibial and 1 femoropatellar joint capsule has an opening posterior and lateral to tibial condyle allowing polite us tendon to exit capsule anteriorly, muscles and tendons replace capsule

Question 98

Suprapatellar Bursa

Answer 98

may extend halfway up anterior femur synovial membrane of capsule is continuous with synovial lining of bursa muscle slips from vastus intermedius form articulates genu muscle, retract bursa during extension

Question 99

Bursae around knee

Answer 99

Subcutaneous Prepatellar and infrapatellar - located at convex surface of joint allow skin to move freely during movement of knee Suprapatellar - infection of this one may spread to knee cavity Popliteus Anserine Gastrocnemius

Question 100

Ligaments of the Knee | Extracapsular

Answer 100

``` patellar l. fibular collateral ligament tibial collateral ligament oblique popliteal ligament arcuate popliteal ligament ```

Question 101

Ligaments of the Knee | Intracapsular

Answer 101

``` Cruciate ligaments- Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior Cruciate ligament Menisci- medial and lateral menisci coronary ligmanet transverse ligament of knee ```

Question 102

Patellar Ligament

Answer 102

from apex and adjoining margins of patellar to tibial tuberosity anterior ligament of knee joint receives medial and laterall patellar retinaculua, helps to form the knee joint capsule and helps keep the patella alignment

Question 103

fibular collateral ligmanet

Answer 103

strong and cord-like lateral collateral ligament of the knee taut with extension from lateral epicondyle and femur to lateral surface of fibular head tendon of popliteus passes deep to FCL separating ligament from meniscus splits tendon of biceps femurs into two parts

Question 104

Tibial Collateral Ligament

Answer 104

strong and flat, weaker than FCL medial collateral ligament of the knee taut with extension from medial epicondyle of femur to medial surface of tibia deep fibbers are firmly attached to medial meniscus, more often damaged

Question 105

Oblique popliteal ligmanet

Answer 105

recurrent expansion of semimembranosus tendon from medial tibial condyle passing superolaterally to lateral femoral condyle reinforces joint capsule posteriorly

Question 106

Arcuate popliteal ligament

Answer 106

from posterior aspect of fibular head passing superomedially over tendon of popliteus, spreads over posterior surface of knee joint strengthens joint capsule posteriorlaterally

Question 107

Cruciate Ligaments

Answer 107

cross each other obliquely within joint capsule, outside synovial cavity during medial rotation of tibia on femur, wind around each other, limit MR to about 10 degrees during LR it can go 60 degree especially when knee flexed it can go 90. in every position 1 cruciate lig. is tense

Question 108

Anterior Cruciate ligament

Answer 108

weaker b/c poor blood supply from anterior intercondylar area extends posteriorly superiorly and laterally attaches to posterior part of medial side of lateral femoral condyle prevents posterior displacement of femur on tibia prevents anterior displacement of tibia on femur when knee flexed resists hyperextension

Question 109

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Answer 109

stronger from posterior intercondylar area extends anteriorly, superiorly and medially attaches to anterior part f lateral side of medial femoral condyle prevents anterior displacement of femur on tibia prevents posterior displacement of tibia on femur when knee is flexed resists hyperextension of knee joint main stabilizing factor of femur when weight bearing on the flexed knee (walking down hill)

Question 110

Menisci

Answer 110

crescentic plates of firbrocartilage deepen tibial plateau, act as shock absorber thicker at external margins unattached at interior of joint firmly attached at ends to intercondylar area of tibia

Question 111

Medial Meniscus

Answer 111

c shaped adheres to deep surface of TCL less mobile on tibial plateau, more prone to injury

Question 112

Lateral Meniscus

Answer 112

neraly circular smaller and more freely moveable tendon to popliteus passes b/w it and FCL posterior meniscofemoral ligament joins the lateral menaces to PCL and medial femoral condyle

Question 113

Coronary Ligament

Answer 113

portions of joint capsule | extends b/w margins of menisci and periphery of tibial condyles

Question 114

Transverse ligament of knee

Answer 114

joins anterior edges of menisci crosses anterior intercondylar area tethers menisci to each other

Question 115

Popliteal Fossa

Answer 115

diamond shaped depression posterior to knee joint Boundaries: superolateral-biceps femoris m superomedial - semimembranosus and tendinosis inferolateral - gastroc lateral head inferomedial - gastroc medial head posteriorly (roof) - skin of popliteal fascia floor- medial and lateral supracondylar lines, soleal line of tibia and popliteus muscle Contains; termination of small saphenous vein, popliteal a. and v., tibial and common fibular n., posterior cutaneous n. of thigh, lymphatics

Question 116

Fascia of Popliteal Fossa

Answer 116

superficial fascia contains the small saphenous vein and 3 cuteness nerves posterior cutaneous n of the thigh and medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerves Deep fascia is continuous sup. with fascia lat a and inf. with crural fascia forms protective layer covering structures passing from thigh to leg forms a loose, but effective retinaculum for hamstring muscles often pierced by small saphenous v.

Question 117

Popliteal artery

Answer 117

continuation of femoral artery one of four places to take a pulse terminates by dividing into anterior and posterior tibial arteries at inferior border of politeus muscle gives rise to medial and lateral superior and inferior genicular arteries and the middle genicular artery that all take part in genicular anastamosis

Question 118

Genicular anastamosis

Answer 118

medial and lateral superior and inferior genicular arteries middle genicular artery descending genicular artery descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery anterior tibial recurrent artery fibular circumflex artery posterior tibiabl circumflex artery

Question 119

Popliteal Vein

Answer 119

begins at inferior border of popliteus muscle continuation of posterior tibial vein receives small saphenous vein becomes femoral vein as it traverses adductor hiatus

Question 120

Lymphatics

Answer 120

superficial and deep popliteal nodes drain into deep inguinal nodes ultimately end up in external ilac nodes

Question 121

Tibiofibular joints

Answer 121

2 joints; superior tibiofibular joint and inferior tibiofibular joint (tibiofibular syndesmosis) also held together by interosseous membrane fibbers of all 3 run inferiorly from tibia to fibula resists downward pull placed on fibula by 8 muscles allows slight upward movement of fibular movement at superior joint impossible without movement on inferior anterior tibial vessels pass through hiatus at superior end of interosseus membrane

Question 122

Superior Tibiofibular Joint

Answer 122

plane type synovial joint, permits slight upward movement during dorsiflexion between flat facet of fibular head and similar articular facet on lateral tibial condyle joint is crosses posteriorly by popliteal tendon 20% of time the popliteus bursa communicates with this joint capsule Ligaments are an anterior and posterior ligaments of the fibular head

Question 123

Inferior Tibiofibular Joint

Answer 123

Tibiofibular Syndesmosis compound fibrous joint integrity of joint is essential for stability of ankle keeps lateral malleolus firmly against lateral surface of talus features; b/w triangular area on medial surface of fibula with facet on end of tibia fibrous union of tibia and fibula by, interosseous membrane, interosseous tibiofibular l., ant. tf l., post tf l. permits slight movement to accommodate wide portion of trochlea during dorsiflexion

Question 124

Crural Fascia

Answer 124

attaches to anterior and medial borders of tibia, continuous with periosteum thick proximally and thinner distally forms the anterior, posterior inter muscular septa dividing the leg into 4 compartments; anterior, lateral posterior deep and posterior superficial forms retinacula that prevents bowstringing during ankle movements

Question 125

Superior Extensor retinaculum

Answer 125

found anteriorly | passes from fibula to tibia proximal to malleoli

Question 126

Inferior Extensor Retinaculum

Answer 126

found anteriorly Y-shaped band attaches laterally to calcaneus, medially to medial malleolus and inferiorly to plantar aponeurosis great saphenous vein and superficial fibular n. pass superficial to extensor retinacula

Question 127

Superior Fibular Retinaculum

Answer 127

found laterally | from lateral malleolus to calcaneus

Question 128

Inferior Fibular Retinaculum

Answer 128

found laterally from fibular trochlea to calcaneus both cover tendons of fibularis longs and brevis small saphenous v. and sural n. pass superficial

Question 129

Flexor retinaculum

Answer 129

found medially formed by distal part of transverse inter muscular septum covers deep posterior compartment flexor tendons

Question 130

Anterior Tibial Artery

Answer 130

from the popliteal artery passes from posterior to anterior via gap in interosseous membrane runs with deep fibular nerve Forms the Anterior tibial recurrent artery that participates in genicular anastamosis Also forms the Perforating branches which supply the lateral compartment of the leg descends between TA and EDL, then TA and EHL Supplies the anterior compartment of leg Forms the Medial and Lateral melleolar branches supplying the ankle Terminates as dorsalis pedis artery b/w malleoli

Question 131

Anterior Tibial Vein

Answer 131

drains into posterior tibial vein

Question 132

Deep Fibular Nerve

Answer 132

``` terminal branch of common fibular nerve also known as deep peroneal nerve Runs with anterior tibial artery supplies anterior compartment muscles Terminates as the lateral and medial branches of deep fibular nerve ```

Question 133

Saphenous Nerve

Answer 133

from the femoral Nerve runs with great saphenous vein supplies skin of anteromedial and posteromedial leg

Question 134

Superficial Fibular Nerve

Answer 134

terminal branch of common fibular nerve only nerve in lateral compartment terminates as medial dorsal cutaneous nerve and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve

Question 135

Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve

Answer 135

from common fibular nerve | supplies skin of upper lateral leg

Question 136

Muscles of Posterior Comparment

Answer 136

divided into the superficial and deep compartments by the transverse intermuscular septum Gastrocnemeus and soleus make up the triceps surae Insert on the calcaneal tendon (achillies tendon) most powerful and thickest tendon in body