Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

First Quarter > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

(103 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Osteology

A

study of the bones/skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vertebral column in Adult humans

A

24 vertebrae with a sacrum and coccyx, other bones associated with it are the occipital, temporal bones of skull, 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vertebral column functions

A

flexible central column, supports head/viscera, suspends upper extremities, body shape, transfers weight, stabilizes body, absorbs forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Regions of Vert. Column

A

Cervical - 7 vertebrae, Thoracic - 12 vertebrae, Lumbar - 5 vertebrae, Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae, Coccyx - 5 fused vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Curves of the spine

A

Lordotic - concavity faces posterior
Kyphotic - concavity faces anteriorly, has primary (present at birth) and secondary curves (develop after birth due to musculature and lifting head, sitting walking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Scoliotic Curve

A

lateral curve in the coronal plane. Names for the side of the convexity (hump) looking from a posterior view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Names of some abnormal curves

A

lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis, straight or military

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Functions of the curve

A

compensate for upright posture of a human, helps absorb forces placed on vert. column, compensate for assymetrical structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Features of Typical Vertebrae

A

body, vertebral arch containing 2 pedicles, 2 laminae, 7 processes, vertebral foramen, vertebral notches creating the intervertebral canal, pars interarticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Zygapophyseal joint

A

articulation of the Superior Articular facet and the Inferior Articular facet on the SAP and IAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Occiput

A

foramen magnum - the spinal cord to brain transition, meninges - dura mater anchored to margin of foramen, vertebral arteries (paired), continuous inferiorly to vertebral canal, external occipital proturberance, jugular and paramastoid proces, mastoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 Part of the Occiput

A

Basilar, Condylar and Scuamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Occipital Condyles

A

lateral to foramen, have articular facets on inferior part for C1 and the tubercles on the medial suface for the alar ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nuchal Lines

A

on squamous external suface, superior nuchal lines is the insertion of traps, Sternoclavicleomastoid and splenius capitis muscles, inferior nuchal lines is rectus capitis posterior major and minor and obliquus capitis superior, median nuchal line, median nuchal line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cervical Vertebrae 2 funtional groups

A

suboccipital (C1 - C2) - providing rotation and flexion and extension of neck, inferior (C3-C7) - allowing for flexion/ext and lateral flex/ext.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Typical Cervical vertebrae

A

(C3-C6), small flattened body, joint of Luschka - uncinate process and semi-lunar facet, short bifid S.P., articular pillar with IAP and SAP, facet of SAP faces Sup. Post. and Medial., facet of IAP faces Inf. Ant. and Lat., TP are short bifid with an Ant. tubercle - costal, and a Post. tubercle, these create a groove for the spinal nerves, transverse foramen transmit vertebral artery, IVF faces slight ant., slight inf and later.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IVF Border of typical Cervical

A

IVD, adjacent vert. bodies, joint of Luschka, adjacent pedicles and zygapophyseal joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atypical Cervical Vertebrae

A

Atlas, Axis and C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Atlas

A

no body present, ant. and post. arch instead, no spinous process, lare lateral masses where IAP and SAP extend from, widest vertebral neck, anterior arch has ant. tubercle exterior side and fovea dentalis on interal side, post arch has post. tubercle and sulcus for vertebral artery, SA facets are large, elongated and concave, larget vert. foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Axis

A

has odontoid process = dens instead of body, allows for atlas to rotate around on axis, ant. facet of dens articulates with the fovea dentalis, post facet articulates with transverse ligament (cruciate ligament), SA facet is large and face sup., IA facet is oblique like typical cerv. vert., strongest and thickest cervical vertebrae, no uncinate processes but has semi-lunar facet, most deeply bifid SP of spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

C7

A

transitional vertebrae, SP is long and sloping but not bifid, has one large tubercle on it, vertebral prominens - most easily palpated SP, joint of Luschka exits sup. but not inf. vestigal or absent ant. tubercle, IA facet are like thoracic region facing coronally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Occipitalization

A

C1 has partially or completely fused to C0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Atlanto-Occipital ponticulum

A

narrow bridge or column bone that connects the atlas to the occiput

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Carotid tubercle

A

Ant. tubercle of TP on C6, longest of cervical spine and common carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Thoracic Vertebrae
Typical (T2-T9), Atypical (T1, T10-T12)
26
Typical Thoracic Vertebrae
(T2-T9) has body, heart shaped and is thicker dorsally creating kyphotic curve in spine at the region, sup. and inf. costovertebral demi-facets articulate with head of ribs, small circular vert. foramen, SAP extends from pedicle and IAP from the laminae, SA facet is post. in coronal and IA facet is ant. in coronal, TP large and sloped and has costotransverse facets, IVF oriented laterally, inf. notch > sup. notch, rib head is just ant to notch
27
IVF Border of the Thoracic Vertebrae
sup. and inf. vert. notches, adjacent vert. bodies, IVD, zygapophyseal joint, rid head, demi-facets, adjacent pedicles
28
Atypical
T1 - mostly resembles T segment, body resembles C vert., has a full costovertebral facet (for 1st rib) and a demi-facet, contributes to vertebral prominens T10- demi-facets for 10th ribs superior but none for 11th T11- large body and lumbar like, not heart shaped, complete CV facet for 11th rib, no costotransverse facet, SP is short and rectangular T12- same as T11 except IA facet faces laterally like lumbar, TP has 3 processes - Mamillay, Accesory Mamillary, and Lateral
29
Lumbar Vertebrae
Typical (L1-L4) and Atypical (L5)
30
Typical Lumber Vertebrae
largest moveable segments, large body in shape of kidney, vert. foramen is intermediate & triangular shaped, SP stout and rectangular (common site of spina bifida), facets of AP are in sagittal orientation, mamiallry process and accessory mamillary process, TP is long and slondor and points horizontal, largest IVF with larger Inf. notch than Sup., lateral recess!
31
Atypical Lumbar Vertebrae
IA facets face anterior and lateral, body shortest and widest of all lumbars, small SP, common site for spondyloschisis, spondylolysis, spondylosynthesis
32
spondyloschisis
fissure, cleft or split of the SP also known as spina bifida
33
spondyloschisis
to dissolve or break apart at pars interarticularis
34
spondylolysis
splitting/displacement of vertebrae from it normal alignment
35
lumbarization
anomoly where the S1 if the sacrum does not fuse and remains another lumbar like vertebrae
36
sacralization
anomoly where L5 or C1 are fused to the sacrum usually seen by having another dorsal and ventral foramen in the sacrum
37
tropism
assymetry of facet planes within a segment
38
causa equina
after the spinal nerve ends at L1 or L2 it turns into a multiple of many spinal nerve wrapped into one
39
IVF Border of the Lumber Vertebrae
adjacent vert. bodies, IVD, pedicles, Vert. notches, Zygapophyseal joint and IAP and SAP
40
Sacrum descriptors
linked with pelvic girdle via sacro-iliac joint, 5 fused segments forming wedge-shaped structures, specialized for transfer of weight and body through pelvis, concave anteriorly, from roof of pelvic cavity
41
Sacrum Osteology
base, apex, sacral canal, sacral hiatus, sacral cornu, transverse lines, dorsal and ventral foramen, median intermediate and lateral sacral crests, pars lateralis, auricular surface, sacral tuberosity, SAP at base with facets facing post., promontory
42
Coccyx
3-5 fused vertebrae, apex, base, cornu | caudal vertebrae, no pedicles laminae vert. canal or SP TP AP IVF.
43
Sternum
formed by 6 sternae segments, 3 parts in adult: manubrium, body and xiphoid process
44
manubrium
jugular and suprasternal notch articultes with clavicle, 1st costal sartilage, corpus sterni manubriosternal joint which has an of setting angle in it posteriorly refered to as the angle of louis
45
Body
four fused sterna articulates with 2nd - 7th costal cartilage xiphisternal joint
46
Xiphoid Process
siwth sternae ossifies in some, others cartilaginous throughout life articulates with 7th rib trauma and hepatic laceration
47
Ribs
True Ribs, False ribs, Floating ribs
48
Typical Ribs
R2-R10 head - vertebral end, sup. and inf. facets divided by interarticular crest, these facets articulate with demi-facets (rib Tn) neck - short, tubercle - is at junction of neck and shaft, articular facet to TP, shaft - has costal angle, rounded superior edge and sharply angled inferiorly, costal groove distal end articulate with costocartilage (costochondral articulation) costocartilage joints articulate with the sternum to form a sternocostal joint
49
Atypical Rib
1,11,12
50
Supranumerary Ribs
adding of an extra rib to C7 of L1
51
Classification of Joint Based on movement
Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis
52
Synarthrosis
these joints permit little, if any, movement | bony edges are very close together and may even interlock
53
Amphairthrosis
joint that permits slight movement, bones are usually farther apart then they are at a synarthrosis
54
Diarthrosis
these joints permit a wide range of motion, freely moveable
55
Classifications of joint based on CT
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
56
Cartilaginous
articulating surface connected with cartilage
57
Fibrous
articulating surfaces are connected by fibrous CT
58
Synovial
articulating surfaces covered by articular cartilage, surfaces are separated by a joint capsule or synovial cavity and held together by a fibrous joint capsule and extra-joint capsular ligaments
59
Two Major joints of the Vertebrae
Cartilaginous Joints Central Joint - Intervertebral Joint, jt. b/w the vertebral bodies and are unpaired, includes the IVD that is fibrous tissue, limited movement in relation to size of joint Synovial Zygapophyseal joint - b/w SAP and IAP of adjacent segments, joint complex includes a fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid, greater movement in relation to size, gliding movement
60
Central Joint
-atypical or absent b/w occiput and C1, C1 and C2, sacral segments, and most coccygeal segments -IVD usually described as a fibrocartilaginous complex that helps the central joint of the spine -Anterior Longitudinal Ligament -Posterior Longitudinal Ligament -
61
IVD
- classified as ligament b/c it binds to adjacent vertebral bodies - 23 discs, 1/4 length of spine, largest in lumbar, thicker anteriorly in lumbar and cervical causing lordotic curve - 3 parts:anulus fibrosis, nuclues pulposus, vertebral end plates - IVD adheres to: peripheral small rim on upper and lower surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies, rib head in thoracic - functions of IVD: abrsorbs forces, contributes to lumbar and cervical curves, binds and limits motion, resists types of forces - innervation and blood supply: just the outer anulus pulpous supplied sparsely by branches of spinal arteries, the same part is innervated by 1. ventral rami of spinal nerve 2.sympathtic trunk - IVD is subject to degenerative changes and injury protrusion and herniation usually posterior lateral.
62
Schmor's Node
condition where nucleus pulposus is displaced or ruptures a vertebral end plate into adjacent vertebral body
63
paresis
weakness of muscle; partial paralysis of muscle
64
paralysis
total loss of control of a muscle
65
paresthesia
abnormal sensations, tingling itching burning pins and needles.
66
ALL
attaches to anterior surface of vertebral bodies and IVD's from axis to sacrum become wider as you descend thickest in thoracic to help kyphotic curve thicker adjacent to bodies than discs layered adding strength and integrity resists extension of back
67
PLL
attaches to posterior surface of vertebral bodies and Ivd;s from axis to sacrum-positioned on post canal wall wider cranially,thicker in cervical and lumbar regions to help lordotic curve thickest along midline, thins laterally layered for strength and integrity resists flexion of spine
68
Zygapophyseal Joints
synovial - gliding joint articular surfaces are covered with 1mm thick of hyaline cartilage joint capsule = articular capsular ligament -thin and lax providing little resistance to movement, has extracapsular ligaments to control motion, synovial meniscoids innervation by branches of dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves contributes to posterior wall of I.V.F.
69
Synovial Meniscoids
projections from the inner surface of the joint capsule into the joint space; folds include adipose tissue, vessels and nerve endings covered by synovial membrane
70
Ligamentum Flavum
attaches laminae to adjacent vertebrae, extends from C2 to sacrum thick, tough, yellow b/c of elastic fibbers, contributes to the medial part of Zy Jt. helps form post wall of vertebral column resists flexion and absorbs forces helps posterior muscles maintain erect position
71
Supraspinous LIgament
attaches tips of spinous processes extending from C7 to sacrum above C7 it becomes the funicular part of nuchal ligament in neck resists flexion of spine
72
Interspinous LIgament
``` between spinous processes resists flexion (poorly developed except for lumbar) ```
73
Intertransverse Ligament
b/w TP's | resists lateral flexion and rotation
74
Nuchal Ligament
two part fibrous septum in posterior neck -funicular part; post part attaches from SP of C7 to EOP -lamellar part:anterior part SP of cervical to median nuchal line provides support to head/neck and serves as muscle attachment innervated mainly by dorsal rami C2-4, for proprioception and pain, may be implicated in cephalgia
75
Uncostovertebral Joint
b/w uncinate processes and semi-lunar facet, often described as a synovial joint bounded by articular capsule limits lateral flexion and rotation
76
Atlanto-occipital Articulation
diarthrosis; convex occipital condyles articulate with concave superior facets of atlas mainly hinge like flexion and extension Ligaments that attach: articular capsule, anterior A-O ligament, posterior A-O ligament, lateral A-O ligament, posterior and lateral ponticulum
77
Anterior Atlanto-Occipital Ligament
b/w anterior arch of C1 and anterior margin of foramen magnum
78
Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Ligament
homologue to ligamentum flavum b/w posterior arch of atlas and posterior border of foramen magnum
79
Lateral Atlanto-Occipital Ligament
strengthens articular capsule laterally, attaches lateral mass of the atlas to the paramastoid process of jugular process of occiput
80
Posterior Ponticulum
ossification of posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
81
Lateral Ponticulum
ossification of lateral atlanto-occipital membrane
82
Atlanto-Axial Articulation
complex of three joints: two gliding IAPs of C1 and SAPs of C2, these joints are sometimes called the lateral atlanto-occipital joints, the articular facets are large, oval and closest to the horizontal plane median atlantoaxial joint, pivot trochoid b/w odotoid process and the fovea dental is Mainly pivot motion but also some lateral flexion and flex/ext Ligaments: articular capsule, anterior atlato-axial ligament, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, transverse ligament and accessory ligament
83
Anterior Atlanto-axial Ligament
b/w body of axis and the anterior arch of atlas, homologue to ALL
84
Posterior Atlanto-axial LIgament
b/w the posterior arch of atlas and laminae of axis, provide spring like resistance to flexion
85
Accessory ligament
attached lateral mass of atlas to posterior body of the axis; inside the vertebral canal deep to techtorial membrane; limits lateral flexion and excessive rotation b/w atlas and axis
86
Occipito-Axial Complex
Not a direct articulation Involves ligament; unites atlas, axis and occiput into a coplex Tectorial membrane, crusiform ligament, alar ligament, apical ligament (apical dental)
87
Tectorial Membrane
continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament; attaches to posterior body of axis and the anterior border of foramen magnum where it also blends with cranial dura mater strengthens the cruciate/crusiform ligament and medial part of the atlanto-axial and atlantoccipital joint capsules
88
Crusiform Ligament
deep to techtorial membrane holds dens against posterior facet of anterior arch of atlas yet permits rotation 2 parts: longitudinal part- superior band (ant border to FM) and an inferior band (post part to C2 body) transverse part- attaches the L and R lateral masses of atlas, articulates with post. facet on the dens
89
Alar Ligament
attach dens to the medial aspect of each occipital condyles | limit amount of rotation b/w head and axis
90
Apical Ligament
attaches dens to anterior border of FM | small rudiment of an IVD.
91
Suboccipital Nerve
C1 spinal nerve that innervates the suboccipital muscles
92
Greater Occipital Nerve
branch of C2 spinal nerve that has cutaneous distribution to back of head
93
5 Joints that effect the Thoracic Spine
central joint - IVD's, thin and small zygapophaseal joint -synovial, in coronal plane costovertebral joint - gliding synovial joint b/w rib head and demi facets costotransverse joint - gliding synovial joint b/w rib tubercle facet and CT facet costochondral joint and sternocostal joint - both are synchondrosis cartilagenous joints
94
Ligaments of Costovertebral Joint
costovertebral capsular ligament interosseous costovertebral ligament radiate costovertebral ligament
95
Ligaments of Costotransverse Joint
costotransverse articular capsule interosseous costotransverse ligament lateral costotransverse ligament superior costotransverse ligament
96
Articulations of Lumbar Spine
``` Zygapophaseal Joint - sagittal plane Ligaments with the lumbar spine Intervertebral Discs Iliolumbar ligaments Ligaments binding L5 to sacrum Transforaminal Ligaments ```
97
Ligaments of the Lumbar spine
ligamentum flavum, supraspinous, interspinous, intertransverse, anterior longitudinal, porterior longitudinal, articular capsular ligaments,
98
IVD of Lumbar Spine
are kidney shaped, large and think and designed for a greater weight carrying capacity
99
Iliolumbar ligament
two bands: superior that goes from TP of L4 to iliac crest inferior the goes from TP of L5 to iliac crest provides support to L4 and L5 during flex-ext and lateral flexion
100
Ligaments binding L5 to sacrum
anterior longitudinal ligament posterior longitudinal ligament lumbosacral capsular ligament supraspinous and interspinous ligaments that extends from L5 to Smedian creat ligamentuum flavum lumbosacral ligament - from L5 TP to sacral ala IVD of L5
101
Transforaminal Ligaments
think CT that traverse the area of the IVD, variable in size, attachments and level of appearance
102
Sacroiliac Joint
``` b/w articular surfaces of ilium and sacrum Sacral Articular surface -on lateral surface of S1-S3 segments -lined by hyaline cartilage -groove fits with ridge of ilium Ilium Articular Surface -ridge, guides sacroiliac motion -lined by fibrocartilage S.I. joint now well developed at birth, become synovial and can become fibrous common sites of injury and pain ```
103
Ligaments of the sacroiliac joint
Sacroiliac articular capsule posterior articular ligament - strong and extensive, long and short parts, orevents sacrum from falling anterior sacroiliac ligament - thin, much less significant, blends with the articular capsule interosseous sacroiliac ligament - short, very strong, attaches sacral and ilial turberosities Has 2 accessory ligaments: sacroturberous ligament - strong, long and short parts, attaches to ischial tuberosity sacrospinous ligament - short, strong, and attaches to ischial spine

First Quarter (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions