Hard Final Material Flashcards
1
Q
vibrissae are
A
nose hairs
2
Q
pharynx is lined with
A
stratified squamous cells
3
Q
what contains the pharyngeal arch and uvula
A
oropharynx
4
Q
upper resp system includes
A
nasal cavity
nose
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
5
Q
nasal cavity separated into L and R cavity by
A
nasal septum
6
Q
lining of trachea consists of (layers)
A
mucosa or mucous membrane
submucosa
7
Q
trachea branches at the
A
carina
8
Q
main bronchus enters the lungs at the
A
hilum
9
Q
combination of bronchus, artery, and vein
A
root
10
Q
what extra fissure does the RL have
A
horizontal
11
Q
which bronchi have hyaline cartilage plates as support
A
lobular and segmental
12
Q
where does cartilage end in resp system
A
bronchioles
13
Q
lining oc alveoli is a ______ of ________ cells
A
single layer of squamous
14
Q
4 layers of the digestive tract
A
mucosa, submucosa, muscular, serosa
15
Q
oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus are lined with
A
nonkeratinized stratified squamous cells
16
Q
stomach, SI, and LI lined with
A
simple columnar cells
17
Q
narrow band of smooth muscle at border of mucosa
A
muscularis mucosae
18
Q
the submucosa of the digestive tract is ___ connective tissue
A
areolar
19
Q
submucosal neural plexus innervate the
A
mucosa
20
Q
GI nerve plexi
A
submucosal + myenteric
21
Q
what forms sphincters with SMC in GI
A
muscular layer
22
Q
the serosa is only found in the
A
peritoneal cavity
23
Q
what extends between the soft palate and base of tongue
A
palatoglossal arch
24
Q
saliva consists of
A
water, ions, buffers, and salivary amylase
25
the esophagus enters the peritoneal cavity by passing through the __________ of the diaphragm
esophageal hiatus
26
mucosa epithelium is
stratified, nonkeratinized squamous epithelium
27
______ is thin near the pharynx and gets thicker towards the stomach
muscularis mucosae
28
osseous tissue made up of
matrix, collagen type 1, bone cells
29
where are osteoprogenitor cells found
innermost layer of the periosteum
30
steps of bone remodelling
```
activation
resorption
reversal
formation
quiescence
```
31
what controls mineralization of the matrix
osteoblasts
32
matrix vesicles budded from osteoblast surface and dep within osteoid
nucleation
33
deposition of calcium ions into bone tissue
calcification
34
development of limb bones, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pelvic girdle
endochondrial ossification
35
what forms spongy bone
intramem ossification
36
what makes up the matrix of cartilage
collagen type 2
elastin
proteoglycans
37
is cartilage innervated or vascularized
no
38
cambium layer
inner layer of the periosteum
39
appositional growth forms
circumferential lamellae and osteons
40
vit A stimulates
osteoblasts
41
3 actions of PTH
stimulates osteoblasts and osteoclasts
increases SI Ca2+ abs
decreases kidney Ca2+ loss
42
what releases calcitonin
thyroid
43
flat bone layers
external and internal table with dipoe (spongy bone) inside
44
canals are
openings
45
a tubercle is a
projection
46
yellow marrow is found in the
medullary cavity
47
what stimulates osteoblast differentiation
vit c
48
skull bones, aud ossicles, hyoid, vertebral column, and thoracic cage are part of the ____ skeleton
axial
49
how many face bones
14
50
sphenoid and ethmoid are ____ bones
cranium bones
51
how many cranium bones
8
52
does the hyoid bone articulate with bones
no
53
sutures and associated cranium bones form the
calvaria
54
what forms the superior portion of the nasal septum and conchae
the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
55
what has the sella turcica
sphenoid
56
2 bones making up roof of mouth
palatine bones
57
nasal bones articular with the
frontal bone
58
the zygomatic bones form the
zygomatic arch
59
zygomatic bones articulate with the
temporal bone
60
vertebral bodies are separate from each other by a pad of cartilage called the
intervertebral disc
61
the lamina is close to the _____ process
spinous
62
what is C1
atlas
63
what binds the dens on C2 to C1
transverse ligament
64
lumbar vertebra have a ____ body than thoracic vertebra
larger
65
one sacrum is ___ fused vertebrae
5
66
coccyx consists of the
coccygeal cornua
67
vertebrosternal connect to sternum by
costal cartilages
68
how many pairs of ribs
12
69
which bone process is an expanded articular end of the epiphysis, often separated from the diaphysis by a narrower neck
head
70
softening of bones
osteomalacia
71
layers of cutaneous membrane
epidermis and dermis
72
what synthesizes vit D3
epidermis
73
dermal layers
papillary and reticular
74
subcutaneous layer is also called the
hypodermis, superficial fascia
75
4 cells types of the epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells
76
skin surfaces that lack hair contain
merkel cells
77
spinosum cells
keratinocytes
tonofibrils
langerhands
78
____ forms the dermal ridges
stratum germinativum
79
what are fingerprints
dermal papillae + dermal ridges from stratum germinativum
80
which dermal layer has more dense connective tissue
reticular
81
what layer do you find hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
reticular
82
___ fibers allow skin to stretch, ___ fibers provide tensile strength, when ___ fibers snap stretch marks are formed
elastic
collagen
reticular
83
collagen and elastic fibers organize themselves in a parallel pattern, called
tension lines
84
2 blood supply to skin
cutaneous and subpapillary
85
covers most of body
vellus
86
hair growth cycle
active, regression, resting, reactivation
87
special apocrine glands
ceruminous and mammary
88
which end is the hyponychium
free end
89
glands of conjunctiva
tarsal and lacrimal caruncle
90
the conjunctiva covers
the inside lining of the eyelids
91
what layer of the eye secretes and reabsorbs aqueous fluid
vascular
92
ciliary body controls ___ while iris controls ___
lens
| pupil
93
otic route is
ear drops
94
otitis media
middle ear infection
95
external acoustic meatus has _____ glands
ceruminous
96
pharyngotympanic tube
auditory tube
97
vestibular complex consists of
semicircular ducts
utricle and saccule
with bony and mem labyrinth with peri and endolymph
98
spiral ganglion are associated with
CN VIII
99
scala media is also called the
cochlear duct
100
what contains the organ of corti
scala media
101
tyrosine hormones
thyroid
| adrenal medulla
102
steroid hormones
adrenal cortex
| repro hormones
103
steroid hormones are derived from
cholesterol
104
eicosanoids are derived from
arachidonic acid
105
what secretes MSH
pars intermedia
106
5 cells types of adenohypophysis
thyrotropes, corticotropes, gonadotrophs, lactotrophs, somatotrophs
107
FSH releases ___ in females
estrogen
108
LH targets ____ in males to secrete _____
interstitial cells
| testosterone
109
GH targets general cells, skeletal muscles, and
liver cells to release somatomedins
110
2 neurosecretions
ADH and OXT
111
what secretes thyroglobulin
T thyrocytes
112
what secretes calcitonin
C thyrocytes in thyroid
113
T3 and t 4 are synthesized by ____ on the apical side of thyrocytes
thyroid peroxidase
114
calcitriol acts ono
SI to increase Ca2+ absorption
115
adrenal glands are vascularized from
renal artery, inferior phrenic, middle suprarenal artery
116
zona fasciculata secretions target the
liver
117
what converts angiotensinogen to AG1
renin
118
ANP actions
inhibits ADH and aldosterone
119
ANP released in response to
high BP in right atrium
120
interstitial cells in males release
testosterone
121
corpus luteaum releases
P, E, relaxin
122
inhibin inhibits
anterior lobe from secreting FSH
123
3 layers of connective tissue that protect the kidneys
fibrous capsule
perinephric fat
renal fascia
124
what veins/ arteries line the junction between the medulla and cortex
arcuate
125
renal corpuscle consists of
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
126
afferent and efferent kidney arterioles form the
vascular pole
127
at what point is filtrate called urine
minor calyxes
128
type of epithelium in minor and major calyxes and renal pelvis
transitional
129
peritoneal folds that assist in maintaining the position of urinary bladder
median and lateral umbilical ligaments
130
smooth muscle layer of bladder is called the
detrusor
131
urethra to external urethral orifice epithelium
stratified squamous
132
storage is ___ activity, which ___ detrusor muscle and ____ internal and external sphincters
sympathetic
inhibits
contracts
133
fetus is > _ months
2
134
embryo is sexually indifferent in < _ weeks
2
135
granulosa cells are the targets of
estrogen and FSH
136
thickest layer of the uterus is the
myometrium
137
secondary follicles have an
antrum
138
corona radiata develops during the
late antral stage
139
GnRh surge =
LH surge = ovulation = graafian follicle ruptures + enters fimbrae
140
fetal component of placenta
chorionic villi
141
colostrum contains
proteins, few nutrients
142
patella
knee bone
143
pectoral girdle consists of
clavicle and scapula
144
girdle with greatest range of motion
pectoral
145
clavicle articulares with the acromion of the _____ at the acromio-clavicular joint
scapula
146
the ____ articulates with the ___ at the glenoid cavity
humerus and scapula
147
the coracoid process is for the _____, while the acromion is for the ____
humerus
| clavicle
148
are tarsals hands or feet
feet
149
what is inbetween the ulna and radius
interosseous membrane
150
is the ulnar head proximal or distal
distal
151
is the radial head proximal or distal
proximal
152
each coxal bone is made of
3 fused bony parts
illium
ischium
pubis
153
pelvic inlet is between the
pelvic brim
154
pelvic outlet is between
ischial spine
155
in F, what is the difference in pelvic anat
wider pelvic outler and inlet
less sacrum curve
greater pubic angle
156
tibia is ___ to the fibula
medial
157
fibula is ___ to the tibia
lateral
158
joints are where
2 bones meet
159
synarthrosis
not moveable
160
diarthrosis
free- usually synovial joints
161
what fuses the 3 coxal bones
synostosis
162
menisci are
fibrocartilage cushions in diarthroses
163
what is stronger, diarthroses or synarthrosis
synarthrosis
164
ligaments ___ stabilize while tendons ___ stabilize
passive
| active
165
enthesis
bone ligament insertion
166
flat sacs of synovial membrane
bursae
167
where are bursae
where moving structures are close together
168
subcutaneous bursae
between skin and bone
169
inflammation of bursa sacs
bursitis
170
subacromial and subcoracoid bursae
cushion between acromion/ coracoid process and joint capsule
171
subdeltoid and subscapular bursae
cushion between deltoid and greater trochanter
172
muscules of sholder joint that stabilize it
rotator cuff
173
blood vessels around joints are
mesh like
174
proprioception are
larger myelinated nerve endings
175
smaller unmyelinated are used for
nociception and vasomotor effects on blood vessels
176
pain and stiffness affecting skeletal and/ or muscular system
rheumatism
177
all rheumatic diseases that affect the synovial joints + damage to articular cartilages
arthritis
178
which muscle type is branched
cardiac
179
what muscle has intercalated discs
cardiac
180
what covers a muscle fiber
endomysium
181
what covers a muscle fasicle
perimysium
182
what covers a skeletal muscle
epimysium
183
blood vessels that innervate muscles are
coiled
184
nerves that innervate the muscle penetrate the
epimysium
185
alpha motor neurons are found in
ventral horn
186
which fibers are larger in diameter- fast or slow
fast
187
cytosol of muscle cell
sarcoplasm
188
what surrounds myofilaments
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
189
what holds F actin strands together
nebulin
