Neurotransmitters

Question 1

steps of synaptic communication

Answer 1

1. AP
2. Ca2+ ion channels open
3. Ca2_ entry triggers vesicle docking and secretion
4. NT release
5. response on cell
6. degradation by enzymes, reuptake, or diffusion out of synaptic cleft

Question 2

most abundant NT in PNS

Answer 2

ACh

Question 3

where is ACh synthesized

Answer 3

axon terminal

Question 4

what is the enzyme that synthesizes ACh

Answer 4

choline acetyl transferase (CAT)

Question 5

what breaks down ACh, where?

Answer 5

acetylcholinesterase at synaptic cleft into acetate and choline

Question 6

what makes ACh

Answer 6

acetyl CoA and choline

Question 7

T or F: there are lots of cholinergic nuclei in the CNS

Answer 7

F: relatively few but have widespread projections

Question 8

what causes alzheimers

Answer 8

progressive loss of cholinergic neurons = decrease in ACh signalling

Question 9

what is myasthenia gravis caused by

Answer 9

autoimmune destruction of nAChR at motor endplate = less receptors

Question 10

treatment for myasthenia gravis

Answer 10

AChE inhibitors- prolong time AChE is in the cleft

Question 11

catecholamines are derived from

Answer 11

tyrosine

Question 12

serotonin is derived from

Answer 12

tryptophan

Question 13

histamine is derived from

Answer 13

histidine

Question 14

what degrades biogenic amines

Answer 14

MAO and COMT

Question 15

how many types of MAO are there

Answer 15

2

MAO-A and MAO-B

Question 16

biogenic amines

Answer 16

catecholamines (NE, E, DOPA), histamine, serotonin

Question 17

what neurons produce DA

Answer 17

dopaminergic neurons

Question 18

are dopaminergic receptors (D1-5) metabotropic or ionotropic

Answer 18

metabotropic

Question 19

loss of DAergic neurons in ____ ____ leads to motor deficits = parkinsons

Answer 19

basal ganglia

Question 20

excess DA results in

Answer 20

schizophrenia, hallucinations, paranoia

Question 21

what is a key NT in reward pathways

Answer 21

DA

Question 22

deficits of adrenerguc activity is associated with

Answer 22

depression

Question 23

how many types of 5HT receptors are there? are they metabotropic or ion

Answer 23

14 types

metabotropic mostly, one ionotropic

Question 24

what takes up 5HT, what breaks down 5HT?

Answer 24

SERT

MAO

Question 25

5HT cell bodies are in

Answer 25

brainstem

Question 26

SSRIs do what

Answer 26

block reuptake of 5HT for treatment of depression

Question 27

what neurons produce Glu

Answer 27

glutamatergic neurons

Question 28

what are the 3 ionotropic Glu receptors

Answer 28

NMDA, AMDA, kainate

Question 29

are glu receptors ionotropic or metabotropic

Answer 29

both

Question 30

AMDA is a channel for what

Answer 30

NA

Question 31

NMDA is a channel for

Answer 31

Ca2+ with Mg2+ block

Question 32

main excitatory NT in CNS

Answer 32

Glu

Question 33

loss of DAergic neurons results in excess activity of ___ pathways

Answer 33

glu | = parkinson's

Question 34

what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain

Answer 34

GABA

Question 35

which GABA receptor is metabo, which is iono

Answer 35

``` GABAb = met GABAa = ion ```

Question 36

GABAa is a channel for

Answer 36

Cl-

Question 37

what is the main inhibitory NT in brainstem and spinal cord

Answer 37

Gly

Question 38

gly receptors are _____ and let in

Answer 38

ionotropic | Cl-

Question 39

gly reuptake is done by

Answer 39

T1 adn T2

Question 40

what is a coagonist with Glu for the NMDA receptor

Answer 40

Gly

Question 41

purines include

Answer 41

ATP adenosine GTP, AMP, ADP

Question 42

receptors P2X and P2Y are

Answer 42

ionotropic

Question 43

endogenous opioids are

Answer 43

neuropeptides

Question 44

what do enkephalins do

Answer 44

are endogenous opioids that suppress pain

Question 45

where are the neurons for enkaphalins

Answer 45

brain and dorsal horn

Question 46

substance P is a

Answer 46

neuropeptide

Question 47

substance P plays a role in

Answer 47

pain sensation | released by some primary afferents

Question 48

examples of endogenous opioids

Answer 48

enkephalins | endorphins

Question 49

is NO stored

Answer 49

no

Question 50

endocannabinoid targets

Answer 50

CB1 and CB2

Question 51

endocannabinoids are synthesized from

Answer 51

membrane phospholipids

Question 52

2 most common endocannabinoids

Answer 52

anandamide | 2-archidonylglycerol