difficult midterm stuff dump

Question 1

aware of sensory info

Answer 1

sensation

Question 2

understand sensory info

Answer 2

perception

Question 3

law of specific energies

Answer 3

a given sensory receptor is specific for each modality

Question 4

sensory unit

Answer 4

one afferent + all sensory receptors

Question 5

change in stimuli to electrical conduction

Answer 5

transduction

Question 6

where is the olfactor cortex

Answer 6

temporal lobe

Question 7

nociceptors are part of ______ sensation

somatic or visceral

Answer 7

somatic

Question 8

ASIC

Answer 8

acid sensing ion channels

Question 9

pericardial layers of heart

Answer 9

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium

Question 10

serous pericardium layers

Answer 10

outer parietal layer
(pericardial space inbetween)
inner visceral layer (endothelium)

Question 11

layers of heart wall

Answer 11

endothelium
myocardium
epithelium

Question 12

layers of dura

Answer 12

periosteal dura
(dural sinuses)
meningeal dura

Question 13

what type of afferent is the mechanical nociceptor

Answer 13

A delta

Question 14

what type of afferent is the temperature nociceptor

Answer 14

A delta

Question 15

what type of afferent is the polymodal nociceptor

Answer 15

C

Question 16

first pain activates __ afferents that release ___ in the ______ in synapse with 2nd order neurons

Answer 16

A delta
glu
dorsal horn

Question 17

which has smaller receptive fields, fast or slow pain

Answer 17

fast

Question 18

ventrolateral spinothalamic pathway is for what modalities

Answer 18

nociception and temperature

Question 19

ventrolateral spinothalamic pathway

Answer 19

synapse in dorsal horn- cross to anterolateral column - ascends in anterolateral column- synapses at thalamus- synapses at primary somatosensory cortex

Question 20

referred pain is based on

Answer 20

convergence projection theory

Question 21

sub P receptor

Answer 21

NK1

Question 22

what peptides contribute to central sensitization

Answer 22

sub P and CGRP

Question 23

NOS and PGE2 are what kind of agents

Answer 23

paracrine

Question 24

3 effects of sub P and bradykinin on central senstization

Answer 24

phosphorylation
Ca2+ release
transcriptional effects

Question 25

phosphorylation effects on central sensitization

Answer 25

1. AMPA and NMDA more sensitive + time open longer 2. AMPA let in Ca2+ 3. AMPA insertion

Question 26

Ca2+ release effects on central sensitization

Answer 26

1. NOS = paracrine = NO = Glu release increase | 2. COX2 = PGE2 = paracrine = increased Glu release

Question 27

transcription effects on central sensitization

Answer 27

1. increased transcription of AMPA receptors | 2. increased synthesis of COX2, NK1, and other proanalgesic proteins

Question 28

disinhibition happens when

Answer 28

PGE2 inhibits the inhibitory effects of glycine on projection neuron

Question 29

what is the difference in primary hyperalgesia and allodynia in the periphery

Answer 29

primary hyperalgesia = increased sensitivity of nociceptor | peripheral allodynia = decreased inhibition of nociceptors

Question 30

what is the difference in primary hyperalgesia and allodynia in the CNS

Answer 30

``` hyperalgesia = sensitized nociceptor more responsive to nociceptors allodynia = sensitized nociceptor activated by inputs from A beta afferents ```

Question 31

the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, flagella, and ribosomes are what organelles

Answer 31

nonmembraneous

Question 32

4 parts of cell membrane

Answer 32

phospholipids proteins sterols glycolipids

Question 33

are glycolipids only found on one side of the PM or both

Answer 33

outer only

Question 34

microvilli are MF or MT, what about cilia

Answer 34

MF | MT = cilia

Question 35

centrosomes are 2 _____ made of 9 ____ triplets

Answer 35

2 centrioles | MT

Question 36

cilia MT are arranged in a ___ array

Answer 36

9+2

Question 37

some carrier proteins are called

Answer 37

exchange pumps

Question 38

does the cytosol have a high concentration of proteins

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

does the cytosol have lots of carbs

Answer 39

no

Question 40

4 parts of the cytoskeleton

Answer 40

MF IF TF MT

Question 41

MF protein

Answer 41

actin

Question 42

TF protein

Answer 42

myosin

Question 43

main part of cytoskeleton

Answer 43

MT

Question 44

4 types of tissues

Answer 44

epithelial connective muscle nervous

Question 45

inner lining of cornea, alveoli of lungs

Answer 45

simple squamous

Question 46

what surface epithelial cells possess cilia

Answer 46

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial

Question 47

which one is secretion into ducts

Answer 47

exocrine

Question 48

submandibular has what kind of secretions

Answer 48

mixed

Question 49

group of cell bodies in CNS sharing a common function

Answer 49

center

Question 50

what makes up the BBB

Answer 50

astrocytes

Question 51

what forms scar tissue after injury

Answer 51

astrocytes

Question 52

internode

Answer 52

myelinated nerve axon

Question 53

what kind of channels are TRP

Answer 53

nonselective cationic

Question 54

what results in parkinson's

Answer 54

decrease in DA = increase in Glu signalling

Question 55

basement membrane 2 parts

Answer 55

basal lamina | reticular lamina

Question 56

what sinus does the falx cerebelli have

Answer 56

occipital

Question 57

what is the pia anchord by

Answer 57

astrocytes

Question 58

the percardial space is between the 2

Answer 58

serous pericardial layers- outer parietal and inner visceral

Question 59

what is a bundle of projection fibers called

Answer 59

internal capsule

Question 60

what are the L and R of the thalamus connected by

Answer 60

interthalamic adhesion

Question 61

where are 5HT cell bodies found

Answer 61

brainstem

Question 62

formation of GABA

Answer 62

glutamine - glutamate - GAMA

Question 63

where are neuropeptides made and cleaved

Answer 63

made in soma or dendrites | cleaved in terminal

Question 64

enkephalins have a role in

Answer 64

pain suppression

Question 65

are epithelia innervated?

Answer 65

yes

Question 66

serous gland contains ___ while mucous glands contain _____

Answer 66

enzymes (salivary amylase) | glycoproteins (mucins)

Question 67

unicellular glands

Answer 67

mucous and goblet cells

Question 68

myogenic meaning

Answer 68

contractile activity that originates from heart