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PHARM 204 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system includes which 2 systems

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

what is responsible for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory input

A

CNS

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3
Q

what is responsible for intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion

A

CNS

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4
Q

what provides sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands away from the CMS

A

PNS

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5
Q

the PNS can be divided into the

A

afferent division and efferent division

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6
Q

where does the afferent division of the PNS start and end

A

receptor to CNS

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7
Q

where does the efferent division of the PNS start and end

A

CNS to effector

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8
Q

what is the layer of gray matter on the surface of the brain

A

neural cortex

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9
Q

the center is a group of

A

neuron cell bodies in the CNS sharing a common function

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10
Q

the ____ is a CNS center with distinct anatomical boundaries + where neurons synapse

A

nucleus

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11
Q

a tract is a ____ of axons within the ____ sharing a common origin, destination, and function

A

bundle

CNS

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12
Q

what is a group of tracts found within a specific region of the spinal chord

A

column

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13
Q

what is a ganglion

A

an anatomically distinct collection of neuron cell bodies within the PNS

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14
Q

what is a nerve

A

a bundle of axons in the PNS

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15
Q

efferent PNS can be divided into

A

SNS and ANS

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16
Q

the ANS can be divided into

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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17
Q

afferent can be divided into

A

somatic and visceral

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18
Q

what composes gray matter

A

cell bodies

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19
Q

what composes white matter

A

myelinated axons

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20
Q

what are neuroglia

A

supporting cells that interact with neurons to regulate extracellular environment, defend against pathogens, and repair nervous tissue

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21
Q

a rapid, stereotyped response

A

reflex

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22
Q

what term pertains to the control of skeletal muscles

A

somatic

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23
Q

relating to centres in the brain that operate outside a person’s conscious awareness

A

subconscious

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24
Q

2 cell types of nervous tissue

A

neurons

neuroglia

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25
affectt another neuron or effector organ
axon terminals
26
excitability means
the ability of a PM to respond to an adequate stimulus and generate an action potential
27
the uneven distribution of charge across the PM
membrane potential
28
level of stimuli to cause a change in membrane permeability
threshold stimulus
29
impulse will _____ the length of the axon
propagate
30
a fast impulse is seen with
myelinated axons with a large diameter
31
which is faster: an axon with a small diameter or larger diameter
larger
32
which is slower: an unmyelinated axon with small diameter or a myelinated axon with large diameter
unmyelinated with small diameter
33
ion channel conformation change types
conformation change in one region general structural change blocking particle
34
what is the conformational change of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
general structural change
35
what is the conformational change of voltage gated Na+ channels
blocking particles
36
types of ion channel gating
ligand gated phosphorylation gated (GP gated) voltage gated mechanically gated
37
pressure receptors in the skin (sensory afferents) are an example of _____ gated channels
mechanically
38
dendrites and soma are ___ gated or ____ gated
ligand or phosphorylation gated
39
where can you find voltage gated ion channels
axon, axon hillock, terminal
40
what are the largest neuroglia that make up the blood brain barrier
astrocytes
41
what forms the myelin sheath
oligodendrocytes
42
microglia are
phagocytic cells of the CNS
43
which neuroglia of the CNS are involved in CSF production
ependymal cells
44
what makes up the ependyma
ependymal cells
45
what are the 4 neuroglia of the CNS
astrocytes oligodendrocites microglia ependymal cells
46
what shape are ependymal cells
simple cuboidal epithelial cells
47
cell bodies of the PNS are clustered in
ganglia
48
axons of the PNS are bundled together to form
peripheral nerves
49
2 neuroglia types of the PNS
satellite cells | schwann cells
50
what neuroglia surrounds cell bodies in the PNS
satellite cells
51
what neuroglia surrounds axons in the PNS
schwann cells
52
what are schwann cells made of
axolemma/ neurolemma
53
satellite cells are similar to
astrocytes
54
schwann cells are similar to
oligodendroglia
55
what are neurolemmocytes
schwann cells
56
internode
the portion of myelinated nerve axon
57
how does the schwann cell myelinate a peripheral axon
rotates around it, with cytoplasm and nucleus being forced into the outer most region
58
which system makes routine adjustments in our body's systems
ANS
59
which system regulates body temperature and coordinates cardio, respi, digestive, excretory, and repro functions
ANS
60
ANS iss involuntary at
smooth muscle, glands, and guts
61
somatic are voluntary at
skeletal muscle
62
afferent pathways of the ANS originate in
visceral sensory receptors
63
Somatic has a ___ neuron between the CNS and skeletal muscle while the ANS has ____ neurons between CNS and effector
single 2 (pre and postganglions)
64
dorsal and ventral roots merge to form the
spinal nerve
65
segments of spinal nerves
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, 1 coccygeal segment
66
order of neurons in ANS
commands carried from spinal cord by preganglionic neurons synapse onto postganglionic neurons postganglionic neurons synapse onto effectors
67
cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are where
thoracic and lumbar (gray matter) | thoracolumbar division
68
cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are in the
brainstem (cranial nerve) or grey matter of sacral segments
69
what is the parasympathetic division also called
craniosacral division
70
most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release
NE
71
cells of the adrenal medulla are innervated by
sympathetic preganglionic neurons
72
the adrenal medulla is considered the postganglionic neuron and releases
adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood
73
where does the preganglionic neuron go to the ganglion from
white ramus
74
where does the postganglionic neuron leave the ganglion from
gray ramus
75
what is the row of ganglion running along the spinal chord for the sympathetic system called
sympathetic chain
76
T or F: preganglionic nerves entering a ganglion can also innervate other ganglia further up or down the chain to simultaneously activate different targets
T
77
the parasympathetic division sees a _____ preganglionic neuron and a ____ postganglionic neuron
long | short
78
all postganglionic fibers for the parasympathetic division release
ACh | effect is usually inhibitory
79
preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division symapse onto
intramural ganglia within the tissues of the target organs or on neurons of terminal ganglia close to target organs
80
how is ACh made
choline + acetyl CoA choline acetyltransferase catalyzed
81
what breaks down ACh
acethylcholinesterase
82
how are catecholamines made
tyrosine to LDOPA to DOPA to NE to E
83
what does NE released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons act on
alpha and beta receptors of the heart and blood vessels
84
alpha 1 receptors are coupled to
Gq
85
alpha 2 receptors are coupled to
Gi
86
beta 1 receptors are coupled to
Gs
87
beta 2 receptors are coupled to
Gs
88
beta 3 receptors are found in
adipose tissue
89
beta 3 are coupled to
Gs
90
presynaptic receptors regulate
release of NT from presynaptic cell
91
2 classes of receptors
ionotropic and metabotropic
92
myasthenia gravis is an
autoimmune disease where there is less ACH receptors
93
what drug is used to treat myasthenia gravis, how?
pyridostigmine | prevents breakdown of ACH by inhibiting AChE

PHARM 204 (17 decks)

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