Heart

Question 1

When the reduction in oxygenation (due to progressively inadequate arterial
supply) is slow and gradual, a few muscle cells die at a time and the patient
develops the symptom complex called ____

Answer 1

angina of effort (a characteristic
crushing central chest pain on exertion, disappearing on rest).

Question 2

The fibrous skeleton of the
heart, also called the ____ consists of four
fibrous rings

Answer 2

cardiac
skeleton,

Question 3

The myocardial cells have a high energy demand and therefore a high and
constant ___ requirement. When deprived of _____, individual cardiac
muscle cells die and cannot be replaced

Answer 3

oxygen

Question 4

Bicuspid aortic valves are particularly prone to develop ____, within
which calcium salts are deposited to make fibrocalcific nodules.

Answer 4

fibrous thickening

Question 5

Bicuspid aortic valves are particularly prone to develop fibrous thickening, within
which calcium salts are deposited to make _____

Answer 5

fibrocalcific nodules.

Question 6

The ____ is a circuit of vessels through which
blood flow is driven or powered by a central muscular pump, the
heart.

Answer 6

blood vascular system

Question 7

T/F: With
increasingly severe ischemia of the myocardium, the angina symptoms
appear with minimal or no exertion

Answer 7

True

Question 8

inflammation affecting
the endocardium, myocardium and pericardium

Answer 8

pancarditis

Question 9

____ is an uncommon inflammatory disorder affecting the
cardiac muscle
–Its causes are diverse, but viral forms are probably most frequent

Answer 9

Myocarditis

Question 10

Bicuspid aortic valves are particularly prone to develop fibrous thickening, within
which calcium salts are deposited to make fibrocalcific nodules. These severely
distort the cusps, which also tend to ___

Answer 10

fuse.

Question 11

(Intrinsic Contraction) Interstitial Fluids enter vessel via ____

Answer 11

lymph capillaries

Question 12

The lymphatic system has no central pump but there is an intrinsic
pumping system effected by _____, combined with a valve system preventing
backflow.

Answer 12

contractile smooth muscle fibers in
the lymph vessel walls

Question 13

_____leads to the heart muscle
pumping against increased resistance, and this commonly causes
marked thickening of the left ventricular wall.

Answer 13

High blood pressure (hypertension)

Question 14

____ may occur on the free margins of heart valves and, if there is
subsequent bacteremia, they may become infected (valvitis or endocarditis)

Answer 14

Thrombosis

Question 15

The lymphatic system has no central pump but there is an intrinsic
pumping system effected by contractile smooth muscle fibers in
the lymph vessel walls, combined with a valve system _____

Answer 15

preventing
backflow.

Question 16

The chordae tendineae is predominantly composed of dense regular
connective tissue and collagen elastic fibers to restrain these valves from
____

Answer 16

high pressure

Question 17

(The Pericardium) These layers are histologically the same, composed of a continuous layer _____ with microvilli facing the pericardial cavity.

Answer 17

of
mesothelial cells

Question 18

Cardiac Valves have 3 layers:

Answer 18

spongiosa, fibrosa, and ventricularis

Question 19

The ______ further divides into 2 layers, an outer layer inseparable
from the fibrous pericardium (serous) and an inner layer overlying the
myocardium (visceral or epicardium

Answer 19

serous layer

Question 20

Infective endocarditis prophylaxis for dental procedures
should be recommended only for patients with
____ associated with the
highest risk of adverse outcome from infective
endocarditis

Answer 20

underlying cardiac conditions

Question 21

Components of the Circulatory System:

Answer 21

1. Blood vascular system *arteries, capillaries, veins)
   * 2. Lymph vascular system

Question 22

The fibrous layer is composed of _____ tissue.

Answer 22

fibrous connective

Question 23

The blood vascular system is a circuit of vessels through which
blood flow is driven or powered by a _____

Answer 23

central muscular pump, the
heart.

Question 24

_____ of the heart muscle may occur due to the effects of
long-standing physical exertion and training, as in athletes, or it
may occur in pathological states

Answer 24

Hypertrophy (increase in size)

Question 25

The ___ is on the atrial side of atrioventricular valves or the arterial side of semilunar valves

Answer 25

spongiosa

Question 26

Remember that ____ is striated, branched, centrally-placed nuclei, and has intercalated discs (mechanical & electrophysical coupling).

Answer 26

cardiac muscle

Question 27

The pericardium is subdivided into 2 layers:

Answer 27

a superficial fibrous layer and a deeper serous layer

Question 28

The constant layer of the epicardium is a dense sheet of ____ tissue which also contains elastic fibers. On its outer surface, there is a flat monolayer of mesothelial cells Me (not clearly seen here). These cells are responsible for secretion of lubricating fluid

Answer 28

fibrocollagenous

Question 29

Rheumatic fever is a cause of ___ (inflammation affecting the endocardium, myocardium and pericardium).

Answer 29

pancarditis

Question 30

The ______ is a network of drainage vessels for returning excess extravascular fluid or lymph to the blood circulatory system and for transporting lymph to the lymph nodes for immunological screening.

Answer 30

lymph vascular system

Question 31

Depending on the bacterium involved, the infected thrombus may erode the valve, leading to severe valve failure, or fragments of the ___ may break off and pass in the circulation to distant sites where they may block arteries (embolism)

Answer 31

thrombus

Question 32

(The whole circulatory system has a common basic structure) Tunica adventitia/externa: ____

Answer 32

Epicardium

Question 33

The fibrous skeleton of the heart, also called the cardiac skeleton, consists of four fibrous rings:

Answer 33

(anuli fibrosi, singular: annulus fibrosis) and the membranous portions of the septa of the heart.

Question 34

In the AV valves, branches of the ventricularis form the ___

Answer 34

chordae tendineae

Question 35

These layers are histologically the same, composed of a continuous layer of mesothelial cells with ____ facing the _____

Answer 35

microvilli; pericardial cavity.

Question 36

In between the outer and inner serous layer is a potential space known as the pericardial cavity containing _____, which is produced and reabsorbed by the microvilli on the mesothelial cells.

Answer 36

pericardial fluid

Question 37

Thrombosis may occur on the free margins of heart valves and, if there is subsequent ____, they may become infected (valvitis or endocarditis)

Answer 37

bacteremia

Question 38

(Myocardium) Histologically, the dead muscle fibers are replaced by ____ and remaining muscle fibers enlarge and increase their work rate (hypertrophy) to compensate

Answer 38

collagenous fibrous tissue

Question 39

Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Heart Patients: No longer recommended for patients with ____

Answer 39

prosthetic joints.

Question 40

(The whole circulatory system has a common basic structure) Tunica intima/interna:

Answer 40

Endocardium

Question 41

The reduction in flow of arterial blood to the heart is due to the ____

Answer 41

arterial disease, atherosclerosis, reducing the lumen of the coronary arteries.

Question 42

_____ is a bacterial or fungal infection of the heart and can include but is not limited to the cardiac valves. These vegetative growths can be acute or chronic and are dangerous because of the potential embolization risk if they were to fragment.

Answer 42

Infective endocarditis

Question 43

The ____, located on the ventricular side of the valve, has elastic fibers and an endothelial lining.

Answer 43

ventricularis

Question 44

Depending on the bacterium involved, the infected thrombus may erode the valve, leading to severe valve failure, or fragments of the thrombus may break off and pass in the circulation to distant sites where they may ____

Answer 44

block arteries (embolism)

Question 45

The _____ is the most variable layer in thickness. Ventricles > atria; LV>RV.

Answer 45

myocardium

Question 46

This disease, called ______ disease, interferes with valve function, reducing flow of blood through the valve during systole (aortic stenosis) and allowing blood to leak back from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole (aortic regurgitation).

Answer 46

calcific aortic valve disease

Question 47

(The whole circulatory system has a common basic structure) Tunica media: ____

Answer 47

Myocardium

Question 48

The chordae tendineae is predominantly composed of ___ tissues and ____fibers to restrain these valves from high pressure

Answer 48

dense regular connective tissue and collagen elastic

Question 49

The constant layer of the epicardium is a dense sheet of fibrocollagenous tissue which also contains elastic fibers. On its outer surface, there is a flat monolayer of mesothelial cells Me (not clearly seen here). These cells are responsible for ____

Answer 49

secretion of lubricating fluid

Question 50

Endocardium composed of 1) _______ (simple squamous epithelium) 2) ____muscle 3) _________ layer

Answer 50

1) Endothelium 2) CT/Smooth muscle 3) Subendothelial layer with Purkinje fibers

Question 51

pancarditis: This disease is caused by ____ and was once an important cause of debilitating cardiac disease, often damaging the cardiac valves.

Answer 51

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 52

Depending on the bacterium involved, the infected thrombus may erode the valve, leading to ___, or fragments of the thrombus may break off and pass in the circulation to distant sites where they may block arteries (embolism)

Answer 52

severe valve failure

Question 53

Infective endocarditis is a bacterial or fungal infection of the heart and can include but is not limited to the cardiac valves. These vegetative growths can be acute or chronic and are dangerous because of the potential ___ risk if they were to fragment.

Answer 53

embolization

Question 54

The ___ normally has three cusps, but occasionally there are only two (bicuspid) due to a developmental anomaly

Answer 54

aortic valve

Question 55

(Cardiac Valves) The ____, an extension of the cardiac skeleton, contains dense irregular connective tissue (goes around circumference of valve)

Answer 55

fibrosa

Question 56

T/F: Compared with previous recommendations, there are currently relatively few patient subpopulations for whom antibiotic prophylaxis may be indicated prior to certain dental procedures.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

In between the outer and inner serous layer is a potential space known as the ____ containing pericardial fluid, which is produced and reabsorbed by the microvilli on the mesothelial cells.

Answer 57

pericardial cavity

Question 58

This skeleton is located at the base of the ventricles, between the atria and the ventricles.

Answer 58

cardiac skeleton