Leukocytes--Granulocytes

Question 1

Self-renewal preserves the pool of stem cells
and is critical for feeding common myeloid
progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor
into the ______ pathway.

Answer 1

differentiation or maturation

Question 2

Eosinophils: Also have _____ function, especially against flukes
(helminths) & affinity for Ag-Ab (antigen-antibody) complexes

Answer 2

antiparasitic

Question 3

Five colony-forming units (CFUs) derive from the myeloid
stem cell:

Answer 3

the erythroid CFU, the megakaryocyte CFU,
the basophil CFU, the eosinophil CFU, and the
granulocyte-macrophage CFU

Question 4

Basophils: Used in Type ____ hypersensitivity rxn’s
(e.g., asthma, hayfever, & some types of allergic
dermatitis)

Answer 4

Type I (immediate)

Question 5

In response to an infection, leukocytes attach to endothelial cells through a cascade of
_______ interactions occurring near the infected area

Answer 5

receptor-ligand

Question 6

– have reddish, or pink-
orange granules in their cytoplasm.
–constitute about 2–4% of the total
number of leukocytes
–nucleus usually has two lobes,
which are connected by a thin
strand

Answer 6

Eosinophils

Question 7

The megakaryocyte CFU generates ____

Answer 7

platelets

Question 8

Neutrophils are associated with ____ inflammation. How long does it last?

Answer 8

acute inflammation, lasts several days

Question 9

The ____ gives rise to T cell and B cell
precursors.

Answer 9

The lymphoid stem cell

Question 10

role of gelatinase

Answer 10

breaks down collagen

Question 11

WBCs possessing granules

Answer 11

granulocytes

Question 12

_____ – elevated WBC
count. Can be indicative of
dehydration, allergy or
infection

Answer 12

Leukocytosis

Question 13

Eosinophils play a role in ____infections

Answer 13

parasitic

Question 14

Hematopoietic stem cells are characterized by what?

Answer 14

the
capacity of self-renewal and multi-lineage
differentiation giving rise to all mature blood cells.

Question 15

Most abundant WBC in peripheral
circulation
–60–70% of the total number of
leukocytes
–Lifespan of 6-7 hours, up to 4 days
in CT

Answer 15

Neutrophils

Question 16

Act to eliminate opsonized bacteria or
limit the extent of an inflammatory
reaction in CT

Answer 16

neutrophils

(reason they’re the first to arrive)

Question 17

Cell homing is described as the effective
recruitment of stem/progenitor endogenous cells
into an anatomical compartment through
____

Answer 17

chemotaxis (movement of a cell in response to a
chemical signal)

Question 18

A mast cell is a resident cell of_____ tissue

Answer 18

connective tissue

Question 19

– Play an important role
in phagocytosis of
bacteria & dead cells
–1st to arrive in areas of
tissue damage

Answer 19

Neutrophils

Question 20

T/F: WBCs are True ‘cells’ with nucleus & organelles

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Self-renewal is an important property of
____ stem cells

Answer 21

hematopoietic stem cells

Question 22

Leukocytes first roll along the endothelium, then attach firmly, deform and
migrate through the endothelium monolayer, and penetrate into the interstitial tissue
where they finally engulf microbes by _________

Answer 22

phagocytosis

Question 23

Hematopoietic stem cells–can self-renew and produce two committed
precursor cells:

Answer 23

the myeloid stem cell and the
lymphoid stem cell

Question 24

WBCs attracted via chemotaxis to inflammatory sites by ______

Answer 24

cytokines (any cell
product that influences another cell)

Question 25

T/F: granulocytes: All have single, multi-lobed nucleus & prominent cytoplasmic granules

Answer 25

true

Question 26

T/F: Eosinophils--Parasites & Ag-Ab complexes destroyed by major basic protein & subsequent phagocytosis

Answer 26

True

Question 27

In response to an infection, leukocytes attach to endothelial cells through a cascade of receptor-ligand interactions occurring near the infected area; these interactions are caused by activated or newly exposed _____

Answer 27

adhesive receptors

Question 28

WBCs: distinguished by _____, nuclear morphology & staining

Answer 28

size (1.5-3X larger)

Question 29

Eosinophils: Ameliorate & counteract hypersensitivity rxn’s & effects of _____

Answer 29

histamine

Question 30

Leukopenia – reduced number of circulating WBCs. Can be due to bacterial/viral infection, exposure to toxins, ______

Answer 30

leukemia

Question 31

Important in hypersensitivity rxn’s—counteract effects of basophils

Answer 31

Eosinophils

Question 32

____ immune respone > 10 days)

Answer 32

chronic immune response

Question 33

--always exhibit a bilobed nucleus and abundant blue-violet granules in the cytoplasm --May leave circulation & resemble a mast cell. Once thought to be circulating equivalent of mast cells in tissue but appear to have different precursor cells

Answer 33

Basophils

Question 34

Eosinophils chemotactically attracted to basophils & mast cells via ____

Answer 34

ECF (eosinophilic chemotactic factor)

Question 35

In response to an infection, leukocytes attach to _____ through a cascade of receptor-ligand interactions occurring near the infected area

Answer 35

endothelial cells

Question 36

(Neutrophils) Released during inflammatory rxn via ___

Answer 36

degranulation

Question 37

asthma, hayfever, & some types of allergic dermatitis are examples of what type of reaction?

Answer 37

Used in Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity rxn’s

Question 38

(neutrophils) Enzymes contained in the primary granules

Answer 38

elastase and myeloperoxidase

Question 39

Neutrophils Contain inflammatory mediators & complement activators:

Answer 39

proteases, defensins, lactoferrin, & lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)

Question 40

Neutrophils: Function 1’ in phagocytosis— leads to formation of ____ to digest bacteria

Answer 40

phagolysosome

Question 41

--1.5 times larger than erythrocytes --least numerous of the granulocytes --constitute about 0.5–1% of the total number of leukocytes

Answer 41

Basophils

Question 42

Hematopoietic stem cells cannot be identified by morphology, but they can be recognized by ____

Answer 42

specific cell surface markers

Question 43

Neutrophils: Possess small 3’ granules contain ____

Answer 43

gelatinase (breaks down collagen

Question 44

Five colony-forming units (CFUs) derive from the ___

Answer 44

myeloid stem cell

Question 45

____ immune response ~ 1 wk-10 days

Answer 45

subacute immune response

Question 46

where does Hematopoiesis take place

Answer 46

bone marrow

Question 47

The erythroid CFU produces ___

Answer 47

red blood cells

Question 48

If hypersensitivity rxn severe => ____ (very rapid, severe immune rxn)

Answer 48

anaphylaxis

Question 49

containing only primary granules

Answer 49

agranulocytes

Question 50

– reduced number of circulating WBCs.

Answer 50

Leukopenia –

Question 51

In circulation 3-6 hours before leaving tissue. Tissue lifespan 8-12 hours

Answer 51

Eosinophils

Question 52

Mast Cells: Very similar in both appearance and function to the ___, another type of white blood cell. --Although mast cells were once thought to be tissue-resident basophils, it has been shown that the two cells develop from different hematopoietic lineages

Answer 52

basophil

Question 53

(neutrophils) Enzymes contained in the secondary granules

Answer 53

(lysozyme and other proteases)

Question 54

Neutrophils: Attracted to bacteria & damaged tissue by ___

Answer 54

chemotactic factors

Question 55

Contain inflammatory mediators & complement activators; proteases, defensins, lactoferrin, & lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)

Answer 55

Neutrophils

Question 56

T/F: Basophils and eosinophils derive from the basophil and eosinophil CFUs, respectively

Answer 56

true

Question 57

Large eosinophilic specific granules contain hydrolytic enzymes:

Answer 57

Histaminase, Eosinophil Peroxidase (EPO) and Major Basic Protein

Question 58

—bacterial killing by generating hydrogen peroxide & hypochlorous acid

Answer 58

respiratory burst

Question 59

--Primary granules contain lysosomal enzymes (e.g., acid hydrolases) --Granulocytes also possess ____

Answer 59

specific granules

Question 60

Eosinophils have surface receptors for ____

Answer 60

IgE

Question 61

Cardinal signs of inflammation—

Answer 61

Rubor, tumor, calore, et dolore (redness, swelling, heat & pain)

Question 62

In response to an infection, leukocytes attach to endothelial cells through a cascade of receptor-ligand interactions occurring near the infected area; these interactions are caused by activated or newly exposed adhesive receptors. This process called ____

Answer 62

diapedesis

Question 63

A mast cell is a resident cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in ____

Answer 63

histamine and heparin

Question 64

Neutrophils: Released during

Answer 64

inflammatory rx

Question 65

Vascular endothelium (PCV) expresses various adhesion molecules that facilitate _____

Answer 65

adhesion of circulating cells.

Question 67

Although best known for their role in ____, mast cells play an important protective role in wound healing, angiogenesis, immune tolerance & defense against pathogens

Answer 67

allergy and anaphylaxis

Question 68

—counteract effects of basophils

Answer 68

Eosinophils

Question 69

Neutrophils: 2’ granules stain __

Answer 69

either basophilic or eosinophilic, (“neutral”)

Question 70

the myeloid stem cell and the lymphoid stem cell, that develop into distinct ___

Answer 70

cell progenies.

Question 71

the generation of blood cells

Answer 71

Hematopoiesis

Question 72

____ preserves the pool of stem cells and is critical for feeding common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor into the differentiation or maturation pathway.

Answer 72

Self-renewal

Question 73

Neutrophils: Highly motile, use ____ movement

Answer 73

amoeboid movement

Question 74

mast cells play an important protective role in _____, angiogenesis, immune tolerance & defense against pathogens

Answer 74

wound healing

Question 75

Leukocytes may leave the bloodstream via _____ and enter the connective tissue by the homing mechanism

Answer 75

diapedesis

Question 76

Specific granules contain: --Hydrolytic enzymes, heparin sulfate (an anticoagulant), Histamine (vasoactive amine => vasodilation & ↑ vascular permeability)

Answer 76

Basophils

Question 77

Leukocytes (WBCs): Categorized as either ____or ____

Answer 77

granulocytes or agranulocytes

Question 78

Which WBC generates the Cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 78

Neutrophils

Question 79

Mast Cell: Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the _____ that is a part of the immune and neuroimmune systems

Answer 79

myeloid stem cell

Question 80

the effective recruitment of stem/progenitor endogenous cells into an anatomical compartment through chemotaxis (movement of a cell in response to a chemical signal)

Answer 80

Cell homing

Question 81

All WBC’s possess primary granules—stain ____ ⚫ (= azurophilic granules)

Answer 81

blue-purple

Question 82

(neutrophils) Also specific receptors for ____ (with binding affinity to endothelial cell ligands such as intercellular- adhesion molecules 1 and 2 [ICAM- 1 and ICAM-2]) enable the antibacterial and homing function of neutrophils

Answer 82

integrins

Question 83

Have surface receptors for IgE --Play a role in parasitic infections

Answer 83

Eosinophils

Question 84

can self-renew and produce two committed precursor cells: the myeloid stem cell and the lymphoid stem cell, that develop into distinct cell progenies

Answer 84

Hematopoietic stem cells--

Question 85

Leukocytes: Help initiate immune response & defend body against _____

Answer 85

pathogens

Question 86

The granulocyte-macrophage CFU produces:

Answer 86

both monocytes and neutrophils

Question 87

Types of granulocytes—

Answer 87

neutrophils, basophils, & eosinophils

Question 88

____ contain lysozyme & alkaline phosphatases

Answer 88

Secondary granules

Question 89

(which blood cell are these associated with) Leukotrienes e.g., slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS) => smooth Mm contraction (asthma)

Answer 89

Basophils

Question 90

--Play a role in reducing the severity of allergic reactions --Participate in triggering bronchial asthma

Answer 90

Eosinophils

Question 91

elevated WBC count

Answer 91

Leukocytosis

Question 92

containing primary, and specific or secondary cytoplasmic granules

Answer 92

granulocytes

Question 93

Neutrophils: Multilobed nucleus, also called _____ leukocytes

Answer 93

polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes

Question 94

WBCs "lacking" granules

Answer 94

agranulocytes (only primary granules)

Question 95

Primary granules contain ____

Answer 95

lysosomal enzymes (e.g., acid hydrolases)

Question 96

WBCs are attracted to sites of infection by ________ from damaged/dead cells or invading pathogens (chemotaxis)

Answer 96

chemical signals

Question 97

—immature neutrophils

Answer 97

“Stab” cells (=band cells)

Question 98

Basophils: Release of granule contents into ECS via ____

Answer 98

degranulation

Question 99

(neutrophils) Also specific receptors for integrins with binding affinity to endothelial cell ligands such as intercellular-____

Answer 99

adhesion molecules 1 and 2 [ICAM- 1 and ICAM-2]

Question 100

____ expresses various adhesion molecules that facilitate adhesion of circulating cells.

Answer 100

Vascular endothelium (PCV) (Post capillary venules) best place for WBC to go to leave)

Question 101

Eosinophils chemotactically attracted to ____ & _____ via ECF (eosinophilic chemotactic factor)

Answer 101

basophils & mast cells

Question 102

(neutrophils) Granules – _______colored with both secondary (specific) and primary granules

Answer 102

neutral or pale-