Vascular System Pt 1

Question 1

Primary function of cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Transport of O2/CO2 and nutrients/metabolic waste

Question 2

Secondary function of cardiovascular system

Answer 2

thermoregulation; transport of immune cells/hormones (to tissues)

Question 3

Vascular system consists of:

Answer 3

heart & blood vessels–arteries, capillaries, veins (blood vascular system)

Question 4

2 components of circulatory system:

Answer 4

pulmonary circulation & systematic circulation

Question 5

Route of Pulmonary circulation

Answer 5

RA & V -> pulmonary Aa-> lungs -> pulmonary Vv–> LA

Question 6

Route of systematic circulation:

Answer 6

LA & V –> aorta –> rest of body

Question 7

passive drainage system for returning blood extravascular fluid to blood vascular system

Answer 7

Lymph vascular system (extravascular fluid is lymph)

Question 8

Lymph vascular system lacks ____, relies on _____, body movement, passive fluid transport by surrounding tissues

Answer 8

intrinsic pump; Muscle contraction

Question 9

folded epithelia tube with walls thickened to act as a regulated pump

Answer 9

heart

Question 10

3 layers of the cardiac wall:

Answer 10

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

Question 11

(Heart Layer) consisting of an
endothelial lining and subendothelial
connective tissue

Answer 11

endocardium

Question 12

(Heart Layer) a functional syncytium of
striated cardiac muscle fibers forming
three major types of cardiac muscle:
atrial muscle, ventricular muscle, and
specialized excitatory and conductive
muscle fibers.

Answer 12

myocardium

Question 13

Myocardium: a functional syncytium of
striated cardiac muscle fibers forming
three major types of cardiac muscle:

Answer 13

atrial muscle, ventricular muscle, and
specialized excitatory and conductive
muscle fibers.

Question 14

(Heart layer) the visceral layer of the
pericardium, is a low-friction surface
lined by a mesothelium in contact with
the parietal pericardial space.

Answer 14

epicardium

Question 15

The ___ is lined by
endothelium with underlying
layers of CT, a middle layer of
smooth muscle and an elastic
CT, and a subendocardial
layer that is connected to the
myocardium

Answer 15

endocardium

Question 16

The
subendocardial layer contains
modified cardiac muscle cells
(e.g._______) of the
heart’s impulse conducting
system.

Answer 16

Purkinje fibers

Question 17

where are Purkinje fibers found?

Answer 17

subendocardial layer (endocardium)

Question 18

Is the thickness of the CT layers in the endocardium consistent?

Answer 18

no

Question 19

The _____ is the
thickest layer of the heart
wall

Answer 19

myocardium

Question 20

The myocardium is the
thickest layer of the heart
wall and contains ___
muscle, ____ tissue,
and ____

Answer 20

cardiac muscle, connective tissue, and small blood vessels

Question 21

The myocardium is thicker in the ___ compared to the atria

Answer 21

ventricles

Question 22

The epicardium is
lined by ______
with an underlying layer
of loose CT that is rich
in ____ tissue and
contains small nerves
and blood vessels
(vasa vasorum) as well
as the large coronary
vessels

Answer 22

mesothelium. adipose

Question 23

Visceral pericardium is also known as the _____

Answer 23

epicardium

Question 24

outermost layer of the blood vessel
wall

Answer 24

Tunica Externa/Adventitia

Question 25

composed of a loose CT that contains elastic and collagen fibers – helps anchor the vessel to other tissues – An external elastic lamina can be seen separating the tunica media from the adventitia. – vasa vasorum

Answer 25

Tunica Externa/adventitia

Question 26

middle layer of the vessel wall – composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells

Answer 26

Tunica Media

Question 27

innermost layer of a blood vessel wall – composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer

Answer 27

Tunica Intima/Interna

Question 28

Tunica Intima has an external layer of elastic fibers, called the _____

Answer 28

internal elastic lamina

Question 29

Blood vessels of circulatory system have common basic structure with three concentric layers called

Answer 29

tunics

Question 30

innermost layer of simple squamous endothelial cells lining lumen  Very thin layer, 1-2 cells thick  Forms semi-permeable barrier, supported by basement membrane

Answer 30

Tunica Intima

Question 31

Tunica Intima have: Specialized discontinuous tight junctions between endothelial cells called ______

Answer 31

Fascia Occludens

Question 32

if present, separates tunica intima & media

Answer 32

Internal Elastic Lamina

Question 33

Internal elastic lamina is composed of ____ fibers

Answer 33

elastic

Question 34

--highly variable middle layer --Smooth Mm cells & fibroblastic connective tissue --In Aa, thickest of layers; may also contain reticulin (type III collagen) & elastic fibers

Answer 34

Tunica media—

Question 35

if present, located between tunica media & adventitia * Also composed of _____ fibers, but less organized than internal elastic lamina

Answer 35

External Elastic Lamina; elastic

Question 36

--Consists of loose fibroblastic connective tissue— --Fibroblasts, collagen & elastic fibers, smooth Mm cells --outermost layer

Answer 36

Tunica Adventitia

Question 37

In veins, what is the thickest tunic layer? In arteries?

Answer 37

Tunica adventitia in veins. Tunia Media in arteries.

Question 38

In larger vessels, Tunica Adventitia contains ____

Answer 38

vasa vasorum

Question 39

Small blood vessels that supply the tunica media & adventitia in both large Aa & Vv

Answer 39

vasa vasorum

Question 40

Tunica Adventitia also contains autonomic Nn, ___________—

Answer 40

nervi vasculares

Question 41

(Tunica Adventitia) Control smooth Mm contraction in vessel walls (vasoconstriction & vasodilation)

Answer 41

nervi vasculares

Question 42

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels due to action of ________ nerve fibers

Answer 42

sympathetic, post-ganglionic nerve fibers

Question 43

Vasoconstriction acts on smooth Mm of _______

Answer 43

tunica media

Question 44

Vasoconstriction acts on smooth Mm of tunica media, cause constriction & ___ in lumen diameter

Answer 44

↓ decrease

Question 45

Vasodilation is ____; occurs in absence or inhibition of sympathetic stimulation

Answer 45

passive

Question 46

Vasodilation accomplished via indirect parasympathetic innervation --Ach causes endothelial cells to release __________, which 2’ causes smooth Mm cells to relax

Answer 46

nitrous oxide (NO)

Question 47

In response to low O2 tension, smooth Mm in walls of arterioles _____—results in vasodilation & ↑ blood flow

Answer 47

relaxes

Question 48

In response to low O2 tension, smooth Mm in walls of arterioles relaxes—results in:

Answer 48

vasodilation & ↑ blood flow

Question 49

specialized sensory receptors located in carotid sinus & aortic arch; detect blood pressure

Answer 49

Baroreceptors

Question 50

specialized sensory receptors located at bifurcation of carotid Aa & in aortic bodies in aortic arch; Detect changes in O2, CO2 tension & pH

Answer 50

chemoreceptors

Question 51

Arteries conduct blood from the heart to the ____

Answer 51

capillaries

Question 52

arteries store some of the pumped blood during each cardiac _____ to ensure continued flow through the capillaries during cardiac ____

Answer 52

systole; diastole

Question 53

Arteries are organized in three major tunics or layers:

Answer 53

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Question 54

Arteries contain large amounts of ____ & _____ Mm; vessel wall thick relative to lumen diameter

Answer 54

elastin. smooth.

Question 55

T/F: Artery vessel wall thin relative to lumen diameter

Answer 55

False--vessel wall thick relative to lumen diameter

Question 56

from the heart to the capillaries, arteries can be classified into three major groups

Answer 56

--large elastic arteries --medium-sized muscular arteries --small arteries and arterioles.

Question 57

more than 1 cm in diameter—large conducting vessels, receive blood directly from heart

Answer 57

elastic arteries

Question 58

Have sheets of elastic tissue in tunica media; helps maintain bp between systole & diastole

Answer 58

elastic arteries

Question 59

Thickest layer of elastic arteries

Answer 59

tunica media

Question 60

elastic arteries posses both internal and external ____ layers

Answer 60

elastic

Question 61

Two major characteristics: (1) They receive blood from the heart under high pressure. (2) They keep blood circulating continuously while the heart is pumping intermittently

Answer 61

Large elastic (conducting) arteries

Question 62

Distend during systole and recoil during diastole

Answer 62

Large elastic (conducting) arteries

Question 63

(large elastic--conducting--arteries) Large amounts of fenestrated elastic sheaths are found in the ______ of the large elastic arteries, with bundles of smooth muscle cells permeating the narrow gaps between the elastic lamellae

Answer 63

tunica media

Question 64

Blood vessels (vasa vasorum), nerves (nervi vasorum), and lymphatics can be recognized in the _______ of large elastic arteries

Answer 64

tunica adventitia

Question 65

~2-10 mm in diameter— medium-sized distributing Aa * Have more smooth Mm & less elastin in tunica media than elastic Aa

Answer 65

muscular arteries

Question 66

In muscular arteries ___ is the thickest layer

Answer 66

tunica media

Question 67

muscular arteries have a distinct _____; larger muscular Aa may also contain external elastic lamina

Answer 67

internal elastic lamina

Question 68

Allow a selective distribution of blood to different organs in response to functional needs. Diameter about 2-3 mm or greater

Answer 68

muscular or distributing arteries

Question 69

Tunica intima of distributing arteries consists of three layers:

Answer 69

(1) the endothelium, (2) the subendothelium, and (3) the internal elastic lamina (IEL

Question 70

Distributing Arteries: in the larger vessels of this group, a fenestrated external elastic lamina can be seen at the junction of the ___

Answer 70

tunica media and the adventitia.

Question 71

Distributing Arteries: The tunica media shows a significant reduction in _____ and an increase in smooth muscle fibers

Answer 71

elastic components

Question 72

the radial, tibial, splenic, mesenteric, and intercostal arteries are examples of

Answer 72

medium-sized arteries

Question 73

Final branches of the arterial system

Answer 73

Arterioles or Resistance Vessels

Question 74

Resistance Vessels: Final branches of the arterial system * ~10-100 m in diameter—contain relatively little ____ (tunica media only ~2-3 cells thick)

Answer 74

smooth Mm

Question 75

--Regulate the distribution of blood to different capillary beds by vasoconstriction/vasodilation --the major determinants of systemic blood pressure

Answer 75

Arterioles

Question 76

(types of arteries) --Structural adaption is walls with circularly arranged smooth muscle --Partial contraction of the vascular smooth muscle exists here

Answer 76

arterioles

Question 77

Partial contraction also known as

Answer 77

tone

Question 78

Regulate distribution of blood to capillaries via pre-capillary sphincters, intermittent rings of smooth M within walls of arterioles

Answer 78

Arterioles

Question 79

Arterioles regulate distribution of blood to capillaries via ___, intermittent rings of smooth M within walls of arterioles

Answer 79

pre-capillary sphincters

Question 80

--small diameter arterioles; intermediate in size between arterioles & capillaries --regulate blood leaving the arteries

Answer 80

metarterioles

Question 81

metarterioles: Characterized by _____ layer of smooth Mm in tunica media

Answer 81

discontinuous

Question 82

Arteries: In general, amount of smooth Mm ↑ with ___ diameter of vessel (& relative amount of connective tissue ↓)

Answer 82

↑ increase

Question 83

The microvascular bed is composed of the ____ (and metarteriole), the capillary bed, and the postcapillary venules

Answer 83

terminal arteriole

Question 84

the site of the microcirculation

Answer 84

microvascular bed

Question 85

The capillary bed consists of slightly large capillaries called ______ where bloodflow is continuous

Answer 85

preferential or thoroughfare channels

Question 86

preferential or thoroughfare channels: blood flow here is ___

Answer 86

continous

Question 87

true capillaries: small capillaries, blood flow here is ______

Answer 87

intermittent

Question 88

The functional units of the cardiovascular system

Answer 88

capillaries (where work gets done)

Question 89

--Smallest blood vessels, connect arterioles to venules --Concerned with exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients, metabolites, & waste products

Answer 89

capillaries

Question 90

The diameter range of a capillary is about 5 to 10 μm, large enough to accommodate one ___ cell, and thin enough for _____

Answer 90

red blood. gas diffusion.

Question 91

Capillaries: Contain only the tunica _____, but this layer consists of a basement membrane and endothelium only, small # pericytes.

Answer 91

intima

Question 92

group of capillaries (10– 100) functions together

Answer 92

capillary bed

Question 93

(capillaries) Pericytes derived from same precursor cell as ____

Answer 93

endothelial cells

Question 94

(capillaries) _____ can differentiate into endothelial cells or smooth Mm cells following injury

Answer 94

pericytes

Question 95

Capillaries lack outer connective tissue layer (no tunica ______)

Answer 95

adventitia

Question 96

Capillaries also lack smooth Mm (no tunica ___)

Answer 96

media

Question 97

Do not exhibit vasomotor activity themselves

Answer 97

capillaries

Question 98

Vasodilation & vasoconstriction of capillaries accomplished via smooth muscle contraction in arterioles & ________ => passive change in capillary diameter

Answer 98

pre-capillary sphincters

Question 99

3 basic types of capillaries:

Answer 99

Continous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid

Question 100

capillaries lined by endothelium w/tight junctions and a basal lamina w/pericytes

Answer 100

continous

Question 101

capillaries with pores or fenestrae (GI & kidney

Answer 101

fenstrated

Question 102

________ are characterized by an incomplete endothelial lining and basal lamina, with gaps or holes between and within endothelial cells (liver & spleen)

Answer 102

sinusoids (or discontinuous capillaries)

Question 103

Intracellular cleft present on what type of capillary

Answer 103

Continuous capillaries