Vascular System Pt 2 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
_____ cells produce vasoactive substances that can
induce contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle
vascular wall
A
Endothelial
2
Q
Endothelial cells produce vasoactive substances that can
induce contraction and relaxation of the ____
A
smooth muscle
vascular wall
3
Q
Examples of vasoactive substances produced by endothelial cells:
A
Nitric Oxide (NO) and Prostacyclin
4
Q
Effects of Nitric Oxide (NO) and Prostacyclin
A
Relaxation of smooth
muscle
5
Q
______ also prevents platelet adhesion and clumping
leading to blood clotting
A
Prostacyclin
6
Q
Prostacyclin also prevents _____
leading to blood clotting
A
platelet adhesion and clumping
7
Q
Endothelin 1 is a very potent ____ peptide
A
vasoconstrictor
8
Q
T/F: The permeability of capillary endothelial cells is tissue-
specific
A
True
9
Q
topographic permeability: the endothelial
cells at the ___ end are more permeable than those at
the ____ end.
A
venous end; arterial end
10
Q
____ venules have the greatest
permeability to leukocytes
A
Postcapillary
11
Q
Postcapillary venules have the greatest
permeability to ____
A
leukocytes
12
Q
Endothelial cells also play a role in the process of ____ and inflammation.
A
cell
homing
13
Q
____ cells also play a role in the process of cell
homing and inflammation.
A
Endothelial
14
Q
Endothelium can adapt to changes in their
environment. Become activated and ___
A
change
function
15
Q
Endothelium are activated by ____
A
cytokines
16
Q
Endothelium: Activated by cytokines & develop specializations
for ____ lymphoid cells
A
emigration of
17
Q
Activated Endothlium: Become cuboidal and express ___ (usually after some
tissue damage).
A
cell adhesion
molecules for neutrophils
18
Q
Become cuboidal and express cell adhesion
molecules for ____ (usually after some
tissue damage). Facilitates migration of
_____ into local tissue.
A
neutrophils
19
Q
Storage granules found in endothelium of A, V &
endocardium (not lymphatics)
A
Weibel-Palade Bodies
20
Q
Weibel-Palade Bodies contain Von Willebrand Factor and ____
A
P-selectin
21
Q
essential for blood coagulation, binds with
factor VIII & leads to platelet adhesion
A
Von Willebrand Factor
22
Q
Von Willebrand Factor binds with Factor __?
A
VIII (8)
23
Q
____ increases the permeability of endothelium &
facilitates leukocytes leaving the bloodstream
A
P-selectin
24
Q
facilitates leukocytes leaving the bloodstream
A
P-selectin
25
Endothelium normally locally impermeable to
substances in the blood. Some vasoactive factors
(____) cause cells to lose attachment to one
another & retract
histamine
26
Endothelium normally locally impermeable to
substances in the blood. Some vasoactive factors
(histamine) cause cells to lose attachment to one
another & ___
retract
27
T/F: Similar to arteries, veins consist
of tunics.
True
28
(Venous System) T/F: the distinction of TM
from a TA is often not clear
true
29
(Venous System) T/F: A distinct internal elastic lamina
is often not seen
True
30
(Venous System) The muscular tunica media is
____ than in arteries, and
smooth muscle cells have an
irregular orientation,
approximately ___
thinner; circular
31
A typical characteristic of veins
is the presence of _____
valves (to
prevent reflux of blood)
32
___ are capacitance
(reservoir) vessels
Veins
33
The venous system starts
at the end of the capillary
bed with a _____ that structurally
resembles continuous
capillaries but with a
wider lumen & more
pericytes
postcapillary
venule
34
_____
(~10-50 m in diameter)
are the preferred site of
migration of blood cells
into tissues (diapedesis)
Postcapillary venules
35
migration of blood cells
into tissues
(diapedesis)
36
Postcapillary venules converge to form _____
muscular
venules
37
Postcapillary venules converge to form muscular
venules, which converge & lead to a series of
veins of progressively ____ diameter
larger
38
Veins have a relatively ___ wall in comparison
with arteries of the same size
thin
39
The high capacitance of veins is attributable to
the distensibility of their wall (compliance
vessels) and, therefore, the content of blood is
____ relative to the volume of the veins
large
40
The high capacitance of veins is attributable to
the ____ of their wall (compliance
vessels) and, therefore, the content of blood is
large relative to the volume of the veins
distensibility
41
Large & medium sized Vv
called ____
muscular Veins
42
Small muscular Vv may or
may not contain ___
internal
elastic lamina
43
Medium muscular Vv
contain ____ only (elastic lamina)
internal elastic
lamina
44
T/F: Large muscular Vv contain
internal & external elastic
laminae
true
45
Smooth Mm in ____
controls luminal diameter of
muscular Vv & venules
tunica media
46
Vasoactive
substances (e.g.,
histamine,
serotonin) act on
____
venules
47
Enlarge
intercellular
spaces =>
___permeability of
vessel (increase or decreason)
↑ increase permeability
48
Why is indicated when you get varicose veins?
You get varicose veins when the valves in your veins don't close properly.
49
—direct connections between
arterial & venous system; bypass capillary bed
AV shunts
50
AV shunts—direct connections between
arterial & venous system. Allow bypass of what structure?
bypass capillary bed
51
AV shunts: Type of anastomosis; common in skin,
function in ___
thermoregulation
52
—V or A directly connecting two
capillary beds
Portal vessels
53
Examples of portal vessels:
(e.g., hepatic portal V, a venous portal system)
54
___ is an
inflammation of your
blood vessels
Vasculitis
55
Vasculitis: Causes changes in the
___ of blood vessels,
including thickening,
weakening, narrowing and
scarring.
walls
56
What do the changes caused by vasculitis result in?
Changes restrict blood
flow, resulting in organ and
tissue damage
57
Atherosclerosis: The thickening and hardening of the walls of arteries caused by
atherosclerotic plaques of lipids, cells, and connective tissue
deposited in the ___
tunica intima
58
Atherosclerosis is frequently seen in arteries sustaining ____, it does not affect veins and is the cause of myocardial
infarction, stroke, and ischemic gangrene
high blood
pressure
59
T/F: Atherosclerosis can also affect veins
False
60
T/F: Atherosclerosis is now recognized as a chronic inflammatory
disease, characterized by features of inflammation at all stages of
its development
True
61
Atherosclerosis correlates with the serum levels of ___ or ___
cholesterol or
low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
62
A genetic defect in _____ (familial hypercholesterolemia) is associated with
atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction before patients reach 20
years of age.
lipoprotein
metabolism
63
A genetic defect in lipoprotein
metabolism (____) is associated with
atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction before patients reach 20
years of age.
familial hypercholesterolemia
64
Atherosclerosis: When endothelium of vessel
damaged, ____ adheres to
exposed proteins
cholesterol
65
Atherosclerosis: Once ____ heals,
cholesterol patch reabsorbed
endothelium
66
(Atherosclerosis) Phagocytosis by Mφ, later by
endothelial & subintimal cells =>
foam cells
67
(Atherosclerosis) If inflammatory response
becomes chronic =>
atherosclerosis & plaque
formation
68
T/F: Atherosclerosis is only local
False: can be generalized or local
69
Atherosclerosis is later, accompanied by
_____ & formation of fibrous,
connective tissue capsule
proliferation of smooth Mm
cells
70
Atherosclerosis is later, accompanied by
proliferation of smooth Mm
cells & formation of ____
fibrous,
connective tissue capsule
71
(Atherosclerosis) As cells within plaque die => ____ results
necrosis & secondary
calcification (aka “hardening
of Aa”)
72
(Atherosclerosis) Often associated with
____—due to ↓ in
diameter of vessel lumen &
↑ systolic bp
hypertension
73
(Atherosclerosis) Initiates clotting cascade =>
thrombus formation
74
If piece of thrombus breaks
off =>
embolus; aka
thromboembolic disease
75
embolus; aka
_____ disease
thromboembolic
76
Sudden occlusion by
____ => acute ischemic
event
embolus
77
↓ O2 (anoxia) to heart Mm
=>
chest pain (angina)
78
Most common cause of
ischemic heart disease is
atherosclerosis
79
atherosclerosis: ____ of
coronary Aa may ↓ by 90%
lumen
80
Gradual narrowing of vessel:
stenosis
81
Gradual narrowing
(stenosis) by plaque =>
thrombosis (occlusion) of
vessel
82
(Thrombo-embolic disease) As plaque enlarges, or if
endothelium damaged,
exposes underlying ___
collagen
83
If Thrombo-embolic disease untreated & portion of
Mm dies => ____ (death by
ischemia)
myocardial
infarction
84
Since cardiac Mm cells in Go
phase (terminally
differentiated), unable to
regenerate; all healing
occurs via ____
fibrosis
85
--Since cardiac Mm cells in Go
phase (terminally
differentiated), unable to
regenerate; all healing
occurs via fibrosis
--But connective tissue less
contractile than Mm => (how does this affect function)
↓
function or partial loss of
function
86
___ is similar to MI,
except affects brain instead
of heart
Stroke
87
Like cardiac cells, ____ in brain also terminally
differentiated
Neurons
88
Stroke can result in _______,
with similar cell death &
loss of function
cerebral infarct
89
(Stroke) ____ determines
symptoms & severity
Location of clot
90
Conduct immune cells and lymph to lymph
nodes,
lymphatic vessels
91
Remove excess fluid accumulated in
interstitial spaces
lymphatic vessels
92
(lymphatic vessels) Transport chylomicrons, lipid-containing
particles, through lacteal lymphatic vessels
inside the _____
intestinal villi
93
(Lymph vascular system) Structurally similar to
Vv, but endothelial
cells ____, with
greater permeability
thinner
94
Lymph endothelial
cells highly active in
___
phagocytosis
95
Lymph vascular system: Very thin tunica ___
tunica media
96
Lymph vascular system: ____ present;
basement membrane
& pericytes may be
present or absent
Valves
97
Begin as dilated tubes with closed ends in proximity to
blood capillaries & collect tissue fluid (lymph)
Lymphatic Capillaries
98
(Lymphatic Capillaries) Wall is an endothelium lacking a ____
complete basal lamina
99
T/F: Lymphatic capillaries can be found in most tissues
True! Exceptions are cartilage, bone, epithelia, CNS & placenta.
100
(Lymph vascular system) Drain excess fluid
(lymph) from ECS &
return it to
___
bloodstream
101
Lymph formed as
result of ____
in arterioles
high
hydrostatic pressure
102
Lymph formed as
result of high
hydrostatic pressure
in arterioles; exceeds
_____ exerted by
plasma proteins =>
leakage of water,
electrolytes, & plasma
proteins from
capillaries into ECS
colloidal oncotic
pressure
103
_____ are interspersed along lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
104
Lymph Nodes contain ____ for
antigenic sampling &
recognition, activation of
immune cells & production of
Ab
lymphoid tissue
105
_____ lymph drainage
important in tumor metastasis
Asymmetrical
106
Easiest way to identify lymph
vessels in section—
Thin walled, lack ____,
contain smooth, eosinophilic,
proteinaceous fluid (lymph),
occasional WBC’s
Basement membrane
rudimentary or absent +/-
pericytes
blood
107
___ drained by series of
interconnected, blind-ending
tubules (lymphatics
ECS
108
Lymphatics Converge on _____—largest
lymph vessels in body
thoracic duct (&
R lymphatic duct)
109
Lymphatics contain tunica ___
tunica media
110
(lymph vascular system) No central pumping
mechanism—movement of
lymph accomplished via
___
skeletal Mm contraction, body
movement
111
Lymph returns to bloodstream
at junction of ____
L internal jugular
V & L subclavian V
112
Immobility may lead to
____, swollen
feet
peripheral edema
113
Lymphatic Drainage occurs in 2 ways
intrinsic contraction, extrinsic contraction
114
When vessels become expanded by lymph, the smooth
muscle of the wall contracts. Each segment of the lymphatic
vessel between successive valves, called lymphangions,
behaves like an automatic pump.
intrinsic contraction
115
External factors such as contraction of the surrounding
muscles during exercise, arterial pulsations, and
compression of tissues by forces outside the body compress
the lymph vessel and cause pumping
extrinsic contraction
116
When lymph drainage is impaired, excess fluid accumulates
in the tissue spaces, this is called ____
edema
117
is caused by a defect in the transport
of lymph because of abnormal vessel development
or damaged lymphatic vessels
Lymphedema
118
is a parasitic infection of
lymphatic vessels by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia
malayi worms, transmitted by mosquito bites.
Filariasis (elephantiasis)
119
--This
condition causes damage to the lymphatic vessels
with chronic lymphedema of legs and genitals.
--occurs in tropical countries
Filariasis (elephantiasis)
120
are caused by the
accumulation of high fat containing fluid, or chyle, in
the abdomen or thorax as a result of trauma,
obstruction, or abnormal development of lymphatic
vessels.
Chylous ascites and chylothorax
121
t/f: cardiac cells and neurons are both terminally differentiated
true
