Leukocytes pt 2 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
____ play important roles in
maintaining the integrity of blood
vessels
A
Platelets
2
Q
T/F: RBCs are larger than WBCs
A
False; WBCs are larger
3
Q
Describe the characteristics of a Monocyte nucleus + cytoplasm
A
–kidney-shaped or U-shaped (bean-shaped)
–large indented nucleus
–Abundant, gray-blue/lavender
cytoplasm
4
Q
Do monocytes live longer in the bloodstream or tissues?
A
Tissues; Lifespan in tissue several
months (make it a long term immune cell). Present in bloodstream 2-3
days.
5
Q
T/F: Fixed tissue macrophages remain in same tissue
A
True
6
Q
–First recognized in Bursa of Fabricius of birds
–In mammals, formed in bone marrow & become
immunocompetent there
A
B-cells
7
Q
(Thrombopoiesis) Megakaryoblasts undergo _____ (DNA replication without
karyokinesis or cytokinesis
A
endomitosis
8
Q
–Also function in Ab-dependent, cell-mediated
cytotoxicity (ADCC)
–Responsible for nonspecific cytotoxicity against virus-infected & tumor cells
A
Null Cells–Natural Killer Cells (NK)
9
Q
–Help initiate immune response & defend body against
pathogens
–True ‘cells’ with nucleus & organelles
A
WBCs
10
Q
Deficiencies in thrombopoietin cause
_______
A
thrombocytopenia
11
Q
–Up to three times the diameter of an
erythrocyte
–Constitute about 3–8% of all
leukocytes
A
Monocyte
12
Q
Fourth step of hemostasis: Platelet procoagulant activity
involving _____
A
thrombin
13
Q
T/F: Receptors for the macrophage-stimulating factor (M-CSF) are restricted to
the monocyte lineage
A
True
14
Q
HLA = human leukocyte Ag—major
histocompatability complex [MHC] molecules
A
REVIEW
15
Q
Azurophilic Granules of monocytes and lymphocytes
A
1’ granules
16
Q
↑ neutrophils indicate
A
acute inflammation, bacteria
17
Q
Primitive cells of lymphocytes
A
lymphoblasts
18
Q
3 Types of T-cells
A
Cytotoxic, suppressor & helper lymphocytes
19
Q
_____ are highly phagocytic; Capable of continuous lysosomal activity and phagocytic
A
Monocytes
20
Q
B-cells have HLA Type II Surface Markers and surface ____
A
immunoglobulins
21
Q
Which is most common lymphocyte?
A
Neutrophil
(never let monkeys eat bananas)
22
Q
are involved in
bacterial
phagocytosis,
antigen presentation,
and clean-up of dead
cell debris
A
macrophages
23
Q
Fixed Tissue Macrophages: Also function as _____ in lymphoid
organs
A
Ag-presenting cells
24
Q
B cells function in ______
immune response
A
humorally mediated
immune response—produce
Ab’s
25
megakaryoblast give rise to megakaryocyte. These cells form
____ which fragment into
platelets
platelet demarcation channels
26
T-Cells also have _____ determinant molecules on surface--recognize HLA receptors on surface of other cells
“cluster of differentiation” (CD molecules)
27
--1’ effectors in cell-mediated immunity (tend to be
large lymphocytes)
--Recognize cells with foreign surface Ag’s or receptors & kill them
--Punch holes in plasma membranes
Cytotoxic or killer t-cells (Tc/Tk)
28
Monocytes circulate in blood for 12
to 100 hours and then enter the
_____
connective tissue
29
Agranulocytes contain _____ primary granules only
Lysosomal-type
30
Fixed Tissue macrophages: Kupfer cells in
liver
31
--Central role in immunological defense
--Develop initially in the bone marrow
Lymphocytes
32
Second step of hemostasis: Platelet aggregation by binding to
____
fibrinogen
33
Megakaryoblast-->megakaryocyte-->_____ -->
platelet (thrombocyte)
proplatelet
34
--Detect invaders, sound chemical alarm
--Recognize Ag,
usually presented by macrophages or b-cell, then secrete
lymphokines (cytokines)
Helper T-Cells (Th)
35
B-cells have _____ surface markers and surface immunoglobulins
HLA Type II Surface Markers (tell if cell belongs to you or not)
36
Thrombopoiesis: Begin with precursor cell, the _____
megakaryoblast
37
Most macrophages are highly mobile, phagocytic—
contain _____
abundant hydrolytic enzymes
38
Specific granules are ___ granules
2' (take most of stain)
39
Lymphocytes which possess Fc receptors but
lack specific cell surface markers of either b- or
t-cells
Null cells
40
--manage and direct an immune response
--some directly attack foreign cells and virus-infected cells
--Mature in the thymus
T-Lymphocytes (t-cells)
41
B-cells Function in ____ response of humoral immunity
anamnestic
42
↓ in WBC’s indicate
immune suppression/ tumor,e.g.,
-penia
43
Monocyte: Under the influence of a specific CSF (colony-stimulating factor), each precursor cell establishes its
own ____
hierarchy
44
Parasites are associated with what type of WBC
eosinophil
45
First step of hemostasis: Platelet adhesion to the
_____ matrix
subendothelial
46
Thropoietin is produced in the ____, has a similar
structure to erythropoietin.
liver
47
Result of Leukocyte adhesion deficiency I & II
No migration into Connective Tissue (more wbc in blood than expected)
--Immune cells fail to bind to blood vessel wall; can't reach site of injury
48
Fixed Tissue macrophages: microglial cells in ____
CNS
49
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) guides the
monocyte precursor cell into the ____ pathway
monoblast
50
Increase in immature
granulocyte precursors (band
cells,
metamyelocytes,
myeloblasts) is called
a ____
‘left shift’
51
↑ lymphocytes (& monocytes)
subacute, viral
52
Cell adhesion proteins play a significant role in immune
surveillance, _______ & tumor metastasis
wound healing
53
Explain Macrophage's role in antigen presentation
Can identify & present to lymphoid organs (ramp up immune system)
54
osis mononucleosis
"disease" increased wbc
55
Fixed Tissue macrophages: dust cells in
lung
56
Active in subacute to chronic infections, along with lymphocytes
Monocytes
57
Describe Agranulocytes nucleus + cytoplasm
--round or indented nucleus "bean"
--Non-lobulated nucleus
--variable (often
slight) cytoplasm
58
Helper T-Cells: Recognize Ag,
usually presented by macrophages or b-cell, then secrete
_____—act as pheromones, stimulate b-
cells => Ab production, or Tk cells => kill
lymphokines (cytokines)
59
stimulated to become plasma cells and
produce antibodies
B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
60
Loss of control of Ts cells can lead to
Autoimmune disease
61
↑ WBC’ can indicate
infection, tumor (problems)
62
Most ____ are highly mobile, phagocytic—
contain abundant hydrolytic enzymes
macrophages
63
T-cells have receptors on cell surface like those present on Ab’s (____). Recognize foreign proteins of Ag’s
(_____)
paratopes. epitopes
64
B-lymphocytes are stimulated to become ___
plasma cells
65
Fixed Tissue macrophages: osteoclasts in
bone
66
Platelet activation during
hemostasis involves sequentially:
1.Platelet adhesion to the
subendothelial matrix
’ 2.Platelet aggregation by binding to
fibrinogen
’ 3.Platelet secretion of substances
present in the granules, to recruit
additional platelets
’ 4.Platelet procoagulant activity
involving thrombin
67
continued reduction in demand> supply
Cytopenia
68
Monocytes: From the bloodstream, they enter the connective tissue to become ____
macrophages
69
Thrombopoiesis is regulated by ____
thrombopoietin
70
WBC enter the connective tissue via
homing mechanism
71
T/F: One of the main events in allergic inflammation is the
recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissue sites where allergic
reactions occur
True
72
In the connective
tissue, _____
differentiate into
macrophages
monocytes
73
WBC leave bloodstream via
diapedesis
74
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) guides the
monocyte precursor cell into the monoblast pathway, leading to the
production of peripheral ___ monocytes and tissue _____
blood monocytes and tissue macrophages
75
Malignant & pre-
malignant disease of
WBCs can lead to _______
circulating abnormal
cells (leukemia)
76
Lymphocyte maturation (3 stages)
lymphoblasts --> prolymphocytes --> lymphocytes
77
Monocytes derive from the granulocyte-macrophage CFU
Myeloid progenitor
78
Where does T-cell maturation occur?
Thymus
79
1’ cell of immune system—
recirculating, immunocompetent cells
Lymphocytes
80
Platelets bind and degrade
______, a process that
autoregulates platelet production.
thrombopoietin
81
After encountering Ag, undergo multiple divisions to produce
clone of Ab-producing plasma
cells--this is called
amplification, or clonal expansion
82
Differential cell count—
relative percentages of WBC’s
83
B-Cells: After encountering Ag, undergo multiple divisions to produce
_____
cells
clone of Ab-producing plasma
84
Platelets bind and degrade
thrombopoietin, a process that
_______ platelet production.
autoregulates
85
anamnestic response
renewed rapid
production of an antibody following second or later
contact with the provoking antigen
86
Plasma cells produce _____
antibodies
87
Suppress activity of b-cells, dampen immune response,
especially to “self” molecules
Suppressor T-cells (Ts)
88
Third step of hemostasis: Platelet secretion of substances
present in the granules, to _____
recruit
additional platelets
89
Neutropenia can lead to ?
acute viral infection or severe sepsis ?
90
--Formed in bone marrow, but migrate to thymus to become *immunocompetent
--Responsible for cell-mediated immunity; have long lifespan
T-Cells
91
Responsible for nonspecific cytotoxicity against virus-infected & tumor cells
Null Cells--Natural Killer Cells (NK)
92
megakaryoblast gives rise to the ______.
--These cells form
platelet demarcation channels which fragment into
platelets
megakaryocyte
93
What is leukocytosis?
increase in the number of
leukocytes in blood
94
Monocytes: Can fuse together to become (multinucleate) ______ in chronic granulomas
epithelioid giant cells
95
An excess of thrombopoietin causes
_____
thrombocytosis (increased platelet count)
96
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) takes the granulocyte precursor cell into the ______ pathway
myeloblast
97
--Most found in lymphatic tissue
--20-25% of total number of
circulating leukocytes
--Round nucleus that
occupies most of the cell
--thin sliver of cytoplasm visible
--may live for a
few days or several years
--densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin
rim of cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
98
Most common type of Lymphocyte
T-cell (t-cell 90%, b-cell 10%)
99
"extravasate"
flow out of vessels and enter tissues
100
Lymphocytes: Active in ____ to ____
infections
subacute to chronic
infections
101
2 types of Agranulocytes (or
Mononuclear leukocytes)
monocytes & lymphocytes
102
leukocytes that have such small
granules in their cytoplasm that they are frequently
overlooked upon casual observation
Agranulocytes
103
--Filled with hydrolytic enzymes
--Present in bloodstream 2-3
days, then extravasate, enter
tissue, become macrophages,
Mj (= histiocytes)
Monocytes
104
Some b- & t-cells do not replicate, but remain as
____ cells or _____ cells
long-lived memory cells or effector
105
Fixed Tissue macrophages: Langerhans cells in
skin
106
Lymphocytes constitute a _____ population of
cells that differ from each other in terms of origin, life
span, preferred sites of localization within lymphoid
organs, cell surface markers, and function
heterogeneous
107
B-cell maturation. Occurs in the bone _____
Bone marrow--humans
bursa of Fabricius--birds
108
transient reduction in N# can occur due to cytokines in early viral infections
Neutropenia
109
total # of RBCs & WBC’s
CBC (complete blood count)
110
thrombocytopenia—
↓ platelets (harder time clotting)
111
Two classes of Lymphocytes:
Small and Big
112
-penia
decrease
113
Monocytes--Produce & secrete & have
receptors for chemical aka good at
signaling others/getting help (mediators)
114
Null cells: Lymphocytes which possess ______ but
lack specific cell surface markers of either b- or
t-cells (null)
Fc receptors
115
______ (15 to 80 μm in diameter) constitute a
population of emigrated blood monocytes that differentiate
in tissues (in response to local conditions
Macrophages
116
T-cells recognize ____ on surface of other
cells (prevent “self”-destruction)
HLA receptors
117
What do null cells lack and what is the consequence?
possess Fc receptors but
lack specific cell surface markers of either b- or
t-cells (null); attack anything--no memory
118
↑ eosinophils indicate
allergies, parasites
119
Mature B&T cells leave the marrow & thymus to
circulate and to establish l_____ in the
spleen, lymph nodes and within the gut tube.
lymphocyte colonies
120
Thropoietin stimulates the development of megakaryocytes from the _____ into platelets
megakaryocyte CFU
