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Anatomy > Heart and lungs > Flashcards

Heart and lungs Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Mediastinum

A

Lies between right and left pleura of lungs

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

outermost layer of heart

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3
Q

Myocardium

A

facilitates pumping action; contractile elements

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4
Q

Myocardial cells

A

automaticity, rhythmicity, conductivity

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5
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

delivers blood from heart to lungs & back to heart

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6
Q

Peripheral circulation

A

delivers blood from heart to body & back to heart

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7
Q

Arteries

A

large vessels that carry blood away from heart

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8
Q

Arterioles

A

small, branch arteries

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9
Q

Capillaries

A

smallest vessels; site of gas & nutrient exchange

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10
Q

Veins

A

vessels that carry blood toward heart

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11
Q

Venules

A

small veins that carry blood toward heart

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12
Q

Venous blood

A

blood returning to heart

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13
Q

Arterial blood

A

blood leaving heart and going to body or lungs

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14
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

right side

atrioventricular

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15
Q

Bicuspid/ mitral

A

left

atrioventricular

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16
Q

Pericardium

A

tough, membranous sac that encases heart

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17
Q

Systole

A

contraction phase; blood is pumped out of chamber

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18
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation phase; blood fills chamber

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19
Q

Autorhythmaticity

A

ability to initiate impulse for contraction at regular intervals

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20
Q

SA node

A

pacemaker of cardiac contraction

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21
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

delays impulse by 1/10 of second, allowing atria to contract before ventricles

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22
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

rapidly spreads impulse to contract throughout ventricles

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23
Q

Parasympathetic (crainosacral)nerve fibers:

A

decrease heart rate

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24
Q

Sympathetic (throcolumbar) nerve fibers

A

increase heart rate

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25
Bradycardia
slow resting heart rate; often training-induced
26
Tachycardia
increase resting heart rate
27
Cardiac outut
stoke volume x heart rate
28
Syncytial contraction:
fibers contract simultaneously
29
Stroke volume
amount of blood pumped per contraction of ventricles
30
End-diastolic volume (EDV)
blood in ventricles at end of diastole
31
End-systolic volume (ESV):
blood in ventricles at end of systole
32
Ejection fraction (EF)
ratio of available blood to pumped blood
33
Sternum
Flat bone consisting of manubrium, body, xiphoid
34
Angle of Louis
The sternal angle– level of bifurcation of trachea into right and left main stem bronchi
35
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose Pharynx Larynx
36
Lower Respiratory Tract
``` Tacheobronchial Tree – conducting airways Trachea Main stem/lobar bronchi Segmental/subsegmental bronchi Terminal respiratory (Acinar) units ```
37
Innervation of the lungs:
Receives afferent and efferent fibers from the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the sympathetic trunk and cardiac plexus.
38
Functions of respiratory system:
``` conducts air into and out of lungs exchange of gas between air and blood humidifies air warms air filters air ```
39
What are alveoli?
Saclike structures surrounded by capillaries in lungs | Attached to respiratory bronchioles
40
Function of alveoli?
Site of exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide
41
Number of alveoli in lungs?
300 million
42
What membranes aid in diffusion?
Membrane of alveolar cells | Membrane of cells of capillary wall
43
Visceral (pulmonary) pleura
outer surface of lungs
44
Parietal pleura
inner surface of thoracic cavity & diaphragm
45
Pleural fluid
lubricating fluid between 2 membranes
46
Intrapleural pressure
pressure in pleural cavity between 2 membranes; less than atmospheric pressure
47
Pleural Sac
Double-layered membrane that encases each lung
48
Increase in volume of intrathoracic cavity:
Increases lung volume Decreases intrapulmonic pressure Causes air to rush into lungs (inspiration)
49
Decrease in volume of intrathoracic cavity
Decreases lung volume Increases intrapulmonic pressure Causes air to rush out of lungs (expiration)
50
What must inspiratory muscles do?
increase intrathoracic cavity volume
51
Function of diaphragm:
Flattens as it contracts Puts in motion pressure changes that cause inspiration Contraction moves abdominal contents forward & downward
52
Muscles that elevate ribs:
external intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor
53
Expiration:
No muscular effort needed at rest | Passive recoil of diaphragm & other muscles decreases intrathoracic cavity volume
54
During exercise or voluntary forced expiration:
accessory muscles of expiration contract, pulling ribs downward: Internal intercostals Rectus abdominis Internal oblique muscles of abdominal wall
55
Formula for airflow
P1-P2/resistance | P1-P2 pressure difference between 2 areas
56
How can airflow be increases"
Amplifying pressure difference between 2 areas | Decreasing resistance to airflow
57
What is biggest factor affecting airflow at rest?
diameter of airway
58
Tidal volume
amount of air moved per breath
59
How is tidal volume calculated?
VE=Vt x f VE is volume of air expired per minute VT is tidal volume f is breathing frequency per minute
60
Pulmonary ventilation
anatomical dead space + alveolar ventilation
61
Residual volume:
air left in lungs after max. exhalation

Anatomy (16 decks)

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